The Spatial Analysis for Bassia eriophora (Schrad.) Asch. Plant Distributed in all IRAQ by Using RS & GIS Techniques

Most vegetation’s are Land cover (LC) for the globe, and there is an increased attention to plants since they represent an element of balance to natural ecology and maintain the natural balance of rapid changes due to systematic and random human uses, including the subject of the current study (Bassia eriophora ) Which represent an essential part of the United Nations system for land cover classification (LCCS), developed by the World Food Organization (FAO) and the world Organization for environmental program (UNEP), to observe basic environmental elements with modern techniques. Although this plant is distributed all over Iraq, we found that this plant exists primarily in the middle and southern parts of Iraq in wet areas and near rivers or catchment area or water basins. The main idea is how to use this techniques to monitor the distribution of the plants (Bassia eriophora), in order to utilize and take provisions of plant growth and diffusion, Moreover, know and control the breadth of these areas in Iraq and prepare for them, and understanding climates and the variable plantation habitats and mapping patterns, may lead to a successful environmental protection and dominance plan. In this study, monitoring the distribution of Bassia eriophora in Iraq by apply remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques. The data was obtained from (BAG) National Herbarium of Iraq, Ministry of Agriculture. (BUNH) Iraq Natural History Research Centre and Museum, University of Baghdad the University Herbarium (BUH) in College of Science at University of Baghdad. This data contains only the address (place of germination), this information (addresses) was detected, identified and covered for all areas sampled by the techniques of satellite imagery and images taken from the air and some data records where the main features of these areas.


Introduction:
The spatial data acquired at variable times help us analyses and manage grass and plant resource s for land cover changes consequently the flora distribution, (1). The multi spectral data using temporal periodic data are used effectively to monitor natural resources of plantations. GIS have sufficient power and assessment of data and Landcover analysis interpretation for spatial data mapping. Land Cover portray the physical features in term of natural environment of earth's surface such as (plants, grass, flora, soils type, and groundwater).
The planning plays an important role in Land cover to monitor and detect the changes, Remote Sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) allow spatial analysis with statistical methods approach related to conservation and sustainable management of ecosystems. Aerial photography has been used to determine the spatial location of plants.. Recently, applications of remote sensing have been primarily in plant sciences for example vegetation classification, crop monitoring, land range, mapping patterns of different forests, agricultural lands and disease detection in any crop. GIS helps in remote sensing database, monitoring and assessing the natural resources of both tempospatial scales. There has been a worldwide concern due to present state of local and global environmental conditions. A key to elucidating the mechanisms through which biological diversity generates services to humans is the concept of ecosystem functions, (2).
The primarily key to global conservation is the mapping of biodiversity to pinpoint the hotspots effort, such as trees, plant species, bird habitants, butterfly fields and higher mammal regions are easy to monitor and also represent biodiversity (3). They offer knowledge to ecosystem function, which includes monitoring, inventory and ecology. Most of the plants have direct or indirect relationship with their habitat, depending on several factors they acquire for place, water, wet, climate and soil availability. Their preference of habitat due to the criteria of factors were investigated by sampling Bassia eriophora in diverse habitats along with mapping the flora by using remote sensing and GIS to supply a detailed idea of the distribution of Bassia eriophora plant and offer changes in patterns with habitat.
The aim of the research is to determine the distribution of Bassia eriophora plant in Iraq through spatial analysis and using advanced techniques in data collection such as geometric distribution presence and intensity of plant areas and locate this plant in accordance with the latest precision devices of GPS related Earth satellites, to determine the best areas of distribution and preserve green spaces of land cover and direct impact on environmental conservation.

Study Area Description
Iraq is situated between latitudes 29° and 38° N,  Generally, Iraq's climate is variable being hot and dry through summer season and cool and wet through winter season. Iraqi climate is actually affected by its location between tropical drought of the Arabian Desert regions and the tropical humidity of Basra Gulf. In January the weather is coldest and the temperature fluctuate from 4°C to 20°C in the day, and during night sometime reaches below zero. August is the hottest month with temperatures rising up to 40°C and more, show  In Iraq, summer season is middle hot and change to high hot rapidly, the days are sunny, the humidity is very high in the southern region beside coastal bar region of Basra Gulf, the temperatures is very hot; most days temperatures may reach above 40°C or more. The desert area is very hot in day and cool at night which causes a danger due to heat exhaustion sand. Sometimes, the winds can be very strong associated with Hot and dry, it can cause violent sandstorms, show  Most of the average rainfall in Iraq is between November and April, with no rainfall between, June to August. The average Rainfall quantity varies from season to season, also from year to year. And huge rainfalls in winter or spring season causes flood, stream flow precipitation causes sometime shift of river shoulders in winter because of erosion in the Bank Rivers and creeks.

Classification of Koeppen-Geiger
Iraq is located in three different climatology zones. The first one is the western and southwestern regions categorized as BWH Climate; it is a hot, dry desert climate with annual average temperatures above 20°C. Second small part (continental shelf) between the Basra Gulf extended to the Turkish Border in the north east of Iraq can be categorized as BSh climate; it is moderately humid climate with an average annual Temperatures above 16 C°. The third part, the mountain regions are in northern of Iraq, It can be categorized as DSA Climate, it is a cold and snowy climate with moderate summers, and wet through winters with the warmest month over 16 C° and the temperatures decline to below 0°C.

Bassia eriophora Plant Description
The plant information of Bassia eriophora mentioned specifications according to Annual herb, fleecy-villose ,erect ascending about 5-25 cm, and branches from base, stem and branches generally enveloped with soft hairs, the axils of flowering region contains the dense cotton ball-like growth from the perianth, Leaves are small, flat, and subsessile or very short petiole. It is linear-oblong to lanceolate-ovate or elliptic, ± fleshy, entire, 5-20 x 2-4 mm and abruptly narrowed towards base. Acute to obtuse, pubescent especially beneath and on the margins. Bracts soon deciduous and smaller than leaves circa. Flowering glomerulus like cotton balls, hidden in thick white fleece and densely spicate. Perianth is perfect flowers with broad lobes, one-fourth the length of tube, that of pistillate flowers shorter and subtruncate, enveloped especially at base with very long dense hairs. Fruiting perianth adherent to the fruit, rounded-oval, 1-2 mm long, like cotton-balls, with or without short protuberances at the back; seed c. 1-2 mm across, discoid, brown. FI.Per.: March-June, (1,5), The plant has industrial benefits created by IT NANOFIBRILS, which is friendly to low molecular decomposition environment, (6), The plant has been used for many medical purposes and has been used as a bactericidal and anti-oxidant, (7), Plant leaves were used to treat wounds in laboratory experiments conducted on albino rats, Pharmacogenetic and Wound Healing Studies of the Leaves of Bassia eriophora, (8). The arial parts of the plant have been proven to be effective as antipyretic, antioxidant, antiallergic and renal diseases, (9).

Material and Method: Remote Sensing and GIS Analysis
Remote sensing is important for data processing in the new exposure sciences. It is an acquisition of the data/information with some properties (mathematic or describe logic) for objects (features), phenomenon (annual) and material such as soil type, geological and plants by a computerized recording measurement device contact directly or not with the features by organized attribute file (tabulate) according to scientific discipline, (10). The field have comprehensive database files which can be manipulated, retrieved, processed, analyzed and visualized, the data collection were achieved by using satellite, aircraft, aerial photography and radiometry or optical properties detection sense energies and illumination of light technology designs. The methodology for this study was directed toward producing a map of spectrally distinct topography according to Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data (Imagery) used for soil, water and vegetation mapping in the majority of state land cover only use mapping project for Iraq. The Thematic Mapper records reflected energy in three spectral bands BRG (Blue, Green, and Red), with a spatial resolution of 28 m. TM data of the study area produced for March 2002. The satellite data were georeferenced to The World Geodetic System (GCS-WGS-1984) which is a standard for use in cartography and coordinate system to match it with topographic maps of the region, (11). The Microsoft Excel programming used for the grass laboratory samples with their coordinates (Latitude and Longitude) field recording, and that is imported into GIS application in order to manipulate and analyses the spatial distribution of the (Bassia eriophora) parameters selected in the area, see Table 1. In geographic information system (GIS) the data above were converted to layer (feature) mapping and determining wedge of point which represent Bassia eriophora, show   In this research, we review the work by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial analysis techniques and methods in environmental field plants distribution. Spatial (geographers) biological and using geographic methods or statistical theory have a significant part in understanding the possibility of displaying course in spatial and time (spatio-temporal).

Geostatistical Analysis
Geostatistics designate to the compilation of statistical theory or methods in which geographic or location data (discrete area) or dataset (continuous area) plays an important role in the study area designed or data of spatial analysis, (14). Geostatistical analysis in Flora Distribution in relation to exploratory spatial data analysis and distributed mapping emergence. Exploratory spatial data analysis indicates the distribution of a propagation using geographic location data. HotSpot technique is one of the statistical methods used for Distribution layer mapping. Which individual or group of Geostatistical techniques to generate the variable value at none represented sample locations but based on the observations at known locations new portrait. HotSpot Mapping Techniques One of the most common and innovative uses of flora mapping is to aggregate numerous into hotspot maps.
Hotspots represent special kind of clustered fashion. In hotspot mode, the objects have high similarity preference to point distance inside correlation in comparison to another, and they are quite dissimilar to all the objects outside the location.
The objects in the hotspot region are interesting compared with another points as densities. Hotspot detection is determining spatial data regions where existent points are present or more objects are appearing in comparison to other areas. Two types of Hotspots, point Hotspots called individual and second area Hotspots called global. The specific Hotspot maps will be aiding biologists in individualized situating plants resources investigation, (15), applying sensitive hotspot analysis discovered that the influence of these facilities on the plant distribution depends on the local level of plant, (16).

Intensity (Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW))
The use of intensity value analysis (IVA) estimates the intensity of Bassia eriophora around, for example zones, Area, region, etc. The IVA often uses an inverse distance weighting performance to analyses the plants surrounding a location (i.e., IDW and kriging interpolation). This technique is similar to a buffer analysis. This technique requires an analyst to construct a buffer that extends a beforehand determined distance from the location under examination according to a distance termed a bandwidth and count the number of point events (Bassia eriophora ) falling within that bandwidth, (17).
Different thematic maps (layers) can be generated for each parameters using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation technique in the Arc GIS application for instance (18).
The interpretation (IDW) process is on spatial autocorrelation in an accurate manner.
A surface created with IDW in this process will not exceed the known value range or pass through any of the sample points. IDW is processing a good interpolator for environmental or phenomena, whose distribution is strength correlated with distance. One potential advantage of IDW procedure, that helps explicit control over the influence of distance, each parameter could be reclassified and converted into raster format by layer maps, (19) and (20).

Results and Discussion: Data Analysis
The target of Individual distribution maps can be developed for Bassia eriophora species to hold maintenance. In order to perform, the analyses process using ArcGIS 9.3 techniques and tool of Hot Spot Analysis ((Getis-Ord Gi*) method), can be compared with two cluster category dispersal identify local to global averages, generally the local pattern point (Bassia eriophora) is different, observed over the entire study area. The Gi* statistic can applied to a continuous area of grid cell output from any local average compared to the global average. That can be tested, if a clusters dispersed, that is showing statistically significant and the value investigating confirm, show   Table  2.
Then, construction analysis depict, the layer containing the species of Bassia eriophora distribution on the map (Feature Class), in the field (GiZInvDst ) column contained to weight number of species in each points which Input Field register, and the new layer may be recording the results of the analysis that Output Feature Class registering, points spatial relationships, that can be based in harmony with the layer dataset for area analyzed taking into account the interaction existing points.
The weight value which can be used to analyses the point distance of the spatial analysis scale, that the results would have a substantial influence, this distance determined by the existing interrelation that can be estimated by threshold distance (bandwidth or sigma), here determined five kilometers , see Table 3.   Table 3. Illustration, the procedures of Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) will be using the distance from the spatial point to each sample, which represents the weight average.  This process is to be completed by isolating positive and negative values, see Table 4    From this figure, you can notice account outer and inner points for both circles. The green circle, nine points outer the circle unlike inner twenty-one points entities'. In this way, the red circle too, two points outer circle and seven points inner circle. Hence, in this study applied standard deviation to utilize from methods such as ellips, buffer, etc. That may involve point area distribution for this field.

Conclusion:
This recent techniques have indicated the impact of Bassia eriophora with other participating factors on Iraq ecology and climatic Area. These can open wide range entries in this field level by using this site and diffusion in Iraq.
The present investigation to stabilize the results obtained in this search can be summarized below; In herbarium can be automated digital recording of hundreds of plant samples, determining the spatial location by recent technique that have Global Positioning Systems (GPS) to obtain accuracy in the data collection simultaneously with satellite imagery field level maps can be created scientific field discipline, this work has created recent field techniques mapping libraries for extensive range of society as health care and climatic mitigate control, and exploiting the database for finding plant (Bassia eriophora) habitat accumulation recent study nature with variable spectral signature of electromagnetic algorithms corresponding, this plan is monitoring surveillance and detection propagation spot. That open field Improve work survey of Iraq by aerial photo of 1:100000 scale with satellite imagery for Conflicts of Interest: None.