Diagnosing Pilgrimage Common Diseases by Interactive Multimedia Courseware

Information Systems Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq. Department of MIS, Faculty of Business Informatics, University of Information Technology and Communications, Baghdad, Iraq. Department of Computer, College of Education, AL-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq. Corresponding author: mazinalshujeary@uoanbar.edu.iq , itimadra@uoitc.edu.iq , alhamdanyomar23@gmail.com , ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9030-8102 ,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9762-0534, https://orcid.org/00000002-7408-3270


Figure 1. Mecca during Hajj season 2
Several flights begin to arrive Saudi 20-25 days prior to the Hajj dates 2,3 . This is one of the most important principles of Islam, and it is only those that are capable of travelling and can afford to embark on the journey that is obligated to perform the Hajj once in their entire lifetime. Performing Hajj rituals involves travelling from a Holy site to another on foot or occasionally by bus. At this time, the road traffic is heavy and amounting to several hours of standstill traffic jam for a journey of few kilometers. This results in physical stress and possible exacerbation of preexisting diseases like diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and renal diseases. Some of the factors that have contributed to the problems of pilgrims during the Hajj season include body fluid disturbances, congestion, exhaustion and excessive temperatures that in turn results in some kinds of disease 4 . More so, the risk of the transmission of communicable diseases is high during Hajj period because of overcrowding. This makes the provision of healthcare facilities to these 2.5 million people that come from the different parts of the world a huge challenge for the concerned authorities. Several studies on the existing health issues related to Hajj pilgrimage have been carried out [5][6][7] .
In this study, the most dangerous diseases that spread during the pilgrimage season are documented. The study also provides an integrated classification of diseases according to the symptoms reported by the virtual patient; the symptoms could include high temperature, headache, or body pains. More so, some of the symptoms are categorized based on results of laboratory test performed to determine the level of sugar in blood and proportion of salt in the urine, as well as measurements of heartbeat and blood pressure. This technology performs this task by using the knowledge that has been accumulated from past experience, particularly in the field of disease diagnosis, medicine and treatment. The courseware has been created using an authoring tool known as ToolBook instructor to provide pilgrims with quality service. There are many organizations that can benefit from this paper, including the Ministry of Health and Hospitals and the Committee on medical education of pilgrims. The paper will also help physicians in diagnosing common Hajj diseases, as well as in training students enrolled in medical schools. The system will further be expanded by including all the diseases that are spread during Hajj.
The current study is organized as following: Section2: Literature review and problem statement. The aim and objectives of the study is presented in Section 3. Section4 explains the materials and methods for ADDIE methodology. The multimedia courseware results for diagnosing common diseases of pilgrimage are discussed in Section 5. Finally, the conclusion of our study is presented in Section 6. ttAttsAdtteetbttPesIuewtnceteerAsAtetIA For quite a long while, motorized instructing ideal models were created for medical instruction. For instance, the internet has numerous coursewares for introduction and testing implementations. Many tools are proposed to help in diagnosing different types of diseases with the aid of computers and advanced algorithms as in [8][9][10][11] for example. Numerous courseware sites imply data push ideal models, for example, slide display, HTML, PostScript, or PDF records having book-like formatting, and connections to different sites (push innovation inclusive) 12 .
Business applications are not common for medical science. With the spread of the internet and smartphones, so many applications are available or people at their fingertips. For example, is the prevalence of open courseware collections. Universities in the world over have begun to give their significant data to the entire populace in the form of sound, video/image, and content records (interactive/mix media) 1,13,14 . These subjects do not normally win you an award explicitly most times; however, they help to expand people's knowledge. A tremendous number of university courseware collections are available on the internet. Majority of this courseware is open courseware usually in PowerPoint presentation. Some tools are used for diagnosing complicated cases of diseases such as cancers or Parkinson's disease as in [15][16][17] . Numerous works have been done related to IMM courseware, and a few of them are discussed below: The utilization of mix media courseware for instructing and studying has added to and improved the traditional training field into another level. The courseware utilized as Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) and Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) instruments provide a useful effect on comprehension and imaginative reasoning for the understudy. Thus, bunches of courseware are being built however just few courseware emphasize on UI structure that is appropriate for the client benefits and inclinations. Subsequently, numerous courseware created is unsuccessful and not ideal to be used in educational institutions. Muda and Mohamed 18 integrated client adaptive/robust strategy with a narrating view in creating mix media courseware dependent on the decent variety of the UI methodology. Client adaptive methods permit the client-framework collaboration to be adapted to an alternate client and distinctive utilization scenario, while narrating method is utilized to pull in client toward the substance conveyed. In Malaysian grade school, the courseware as in CAI-CAL can be utilized in delivering lessons in religious studies. Intended clients are understudy in year 5 and 6 inside the age range of 11 and 12 years in Malaysia. The courseware created dependent on adjusted educational archetype and comprises of 4 primary components. In light of client adaptive/robust method, the courseware will offer a couple of options for the client as indicated by their inclinations and after that by giving basic exercises, it will recognize the sort of client either graphics or intuitive/interactive individual. The structure plan and educational archetype utilized in building up the courseware could create another point of view in interactive media courseware development while the intelligent substance of religion fused into the model could be drawn in light of a legitimate concern for the understudy to get familiar with the topic so as to deliver excellent understudy with a decent demeanour for the nation in creating learning and a successful society.
Nur Fathyah Binti Abd Rahman 19 created an animated pedagogical agent courseware on photosynthesis for school kids which purpose is to integrate multimedia element to help learners more understanding and to improve the technique of learning from books to courseware where combining the teaching concept through the courseware. J´an Tur´an et al. 20 proposed a multimedia program package ADAFOX for modelling of digital and analogue fiber optic networks, it is computational help for fiber optic designers to use in the development of networks that comply with given system performance specifications. The proposed paper gives the results of the developmental work related to design multimedia Computer Aided Design and CAE tools for digital and analogue fiber optic networks design and analysis. Tae Rim Lee 21 created a courseware which aim focuses on the teaching of biostatistics to health professionals with computer-based supplements; courseware, digital library of TV lectures on SAS and interactive communication through the internet. The students were motivated by the course materials and expressed that they had a better understanding of reality, and the feedback through e-mail which encouraged the students.
However, the most dangerous diseases that spread during the pilgrimage season are documented. The study also provides an integrated classification of diseases according to the symptoms reported by the virtual patient; the symptoms could include high temperature, headache, or body pains. Our diagnosing of pilgrimage common diseases by interactive multimedia courseware overcome the limitations and challenges of pilgrimage common diseases by the courseware has been created using an authoring tool known as ToolBook instructor to provide pilgrims with quality service.

The Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to create awareness among pilgrims about the common diseases that spread during the season of Hajj (pilgrimage) in Saudi Arabia. This is achieved by providing information about the symptoms and treatment of these common diseases based on their unique symptoms. It is hoped that this will help in reducing the rate at which the diseases spread by providing some recommendations to the pilgrims. The general objective of the research is to produce multimedia courseware for the diagnosis of the most common diseases of Hajj (pilgrimage). The general aim of the study can be achieved by accomplishing the following specific objectives:  To create awareness on the common diseases that spread in the season of Hajj (pilgrimage) in Saudi Arabia, and  To provide some information about the symptoms of these diseases as well as how each of them can be treated according to their special symptoms. This is geared towards reducing the spread of the disease through the provision of some recommendations and guidance.  To create a learning theory that describes what the learners should be able to do upon completion of a major segment of instructions. This will help the pilgrims to acquire knowledge on the symptoms of the diseases, as well as knowledge on the diseases can be avoided. They will also acquire knowledge on the treatment for each disease. Based on the five phases-Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model, the use of a basic ToolBook (ToolBook instructor) is used in providing teachers with the activities which they can incorporate into their own instructive materials. ToolBook instructor helps teachers in the configuration of the course process that enhances improved learning.

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ADDIE methodology is developed so it can successfully prepare programs for different subjects. The ADDIE is popular in Instructional Systems Design (ISD), Instructional Systems Design and Development (ISDD), Systems Approach to Training (SAT) or Instructional Design (ID). Most of the instructional plan models that are currently available today are varieties of the initial ADDIE presented in 22,23 . The ADDIE presented in those works is essentially conventional, efficient, wellstructured and used by designers, instructional originators and coaches to improve learning. The model cannot be implemented in a random and disorganized manner. It is intended to guarantee:  The accomplishment of course objectives by learners.  The assessments of people's needs.
 The planning and improvement of training materials.  Assessment of the efficiency of the training program with detailed and quantifiable results. Past studies on ADDIE have argued that more than 100 Instructional System Designs (ISD) are used around the world, and all of them were developed based on the conventional ADDIE. The conventional ADDIE involves some stages which include, design, analysis, development, implementation and evaluation, with each stage leading to the next.
The systems actors of our study include four actors which are: patient, doctor, intermediacy (which is the application programming interface used) and the administrator as we shown in Fig.2. The use case diagram of proposed diagnosing pilgrimage common diseases by interactive multimedia courseware and the sequence diagram for the operational model are shown in Fig. 2 and 3.

The Research Framework
This work aims at enhancing a straightforward ToolBook known as ToolBool instructor. Based on the ADDIE model, the ToolBook would be enhanced to provide instructors with the activities they will need for preparing their own basic teaching materials while checking correspondence with learners. Stages of teaching and learning which facilitate the process of course configuration are supported by ToolBook instructor which gives an instructing and learning stage that encourages a course configuration process with accentuation put on the utilization of innovation upgraded learning. Figure 4 below illustrates the connection between the stages in this model. During the analysis stage, we characterize and create a clear picture of the needs, requirements, abilities, existing information and the ideal result of the preparation. In the design stage, an attempt is made to recognize explicit learning targets, subject matter, introduction strategies, media, student activities and appraisal criteria to be utilized. In the development stage, the learning materials to be used for the planning are created. The created arrangement is conveyed to the pilgrims. After conveyance, the next stage is the evaluation stage which involves evaluating the viability of the subject matter and materials used in the preparation of the program. It is based on this that adjustments are made prior to progressing to the next stage.

Learning Theory
The learning theory term is used to describe what the learners should be able to do when they have completed a key segment of instructions. Therefore, in the case of diagnosis, the most common Hajj diseases, the pilgrims should be able to discover the symptoms of each disease, have the knowledge of how to avoid these diseases and know the treatment for the diseases. In addition, at the end of this course, the pilgrims are also expected to be able to create awareness about the diseases and give

Modelling and Design
The system provides multimedia courseware that uses a knowledge base consisting of a set of units that collaborate with each other to provide the appropriate medical solutions needed to solve the problem of Hajj diseases. The multimedia courseware is loaded with information and training, as well as principles and rules that specify the multimedia courseware that is required for determining a specific kind of disease. Moreover, the multimedia courseware is able to provide reliable therapeutic guidelines while suggesting appropriate treatment for the condition based on the symptoms.

Knowledge Base
The knowledge base contains systematic knowledge and news facts about common Hajj diseases. The systematic knowledge provides knowledge of the methods and procedures (rules) used in the identification of a particular disease. The reference of the diseases has been compiled and classified based on symptoms of each disease. This compilation was validated by professors and experts in the related field. Here, it is important to develop an effective methodology that can enhance the learning about these diseases. The following shows the list of rules for the knowledge base including diseases and their symptoms: */Rule 1.1/* If symptoms are (sudden increase in temperature to 40-410C, dry skin and redness with, general weakness) then, the disease is (Sunstroke) . The disease is exhaustion and its treatment is: 1. One liter of water with small spoon of salt . 3. Analgesic (panadol). */Rule 1.5/* If symptoms are (difficulty in breathing, pain in thorax, shivering and headache) then, the disease is (Pneumonia). If symptoms are (runny blood from inside nose) Then, the disease is (Nose-bleed). The disease is Influenza and its treatment is: 1. Vitamin C. 2. Vevadool. 3. Generalize analgesic (profine). */Rule 1.6/* If symptoms are (cough, high temperature, headache, pain in the throat), then, the disease is (sore-throat). The disease is sore throat and its treatment is: 1. Vitamin C. 2. Vevadool. 3. Antibiotic. */Rule 1.7/* If symptoms are (contractions in the intestines and diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, general weakness and exhaustion), then the disease is (staphylococcal -Bacteria cluster). The disease is bacteria cluster and its treatment is: 1. Gastric wash. 2. Antibiotic. 3. Anti-diarrhoea (cabact-amudiom). Multimedia authoring systems allow the user to create interactive instruction without programming, thereby extending the opportunities of courseware development to those who lack the time or the skill required for programming. In order to accomplish this system, Tool Book instructor is needed to complete the entire courseware.

The Learning Model
The proposed learning model requires information in a profoundly individualized process. It has been demonstrated by related work that learning models can be used in real-time and they can be applied in practical education activities. This model helps teachers and pilgrims to understand that different individuals have special ways of obtaining information 26,27,28 . This way, the teachers will be able to use different training techniques so that each pilgrim will be able to learn what is taught. The proposed model design includes three main functions: identifying the inputs/outputs of this courseware, developing this courseware by using ToolBook instructor and evaluating the effectiveness of this courseware. Figure 5 shows the model of this courseware [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] . The multimedia courseware for diagnosing common diseases of pilgrimage is implemented by ToolBook instructor. The course in the proposed courseware consists of four main titles which are; introduction to the diseases, the symptoms of the diseases, the treatment of the diseases, and recommendations on how to avoid these diseases. The main goal of this system is to make people aware of the diseases that are common during the season of Hajj (pilgrimage) in Saudi Arabia and to provide some information about the symptoms of these diseases and how to treat each disease according to their special symptoms. It is hoped that the recommendations and guidelines given in the system will be effective in reducing the spread of the diseases. The following figures show the GUI of the courseware and the related diagnosis steps. Each step together with its contents about the diseases is explained. The courseware shows a brief introduction to the application and how the user can benefit from it. It also contains a demonstration video clip and read text button. The following figures shows the interface and the main functions of the application and the diseases, the related symptoms and treatment (see Figs. 6,7, and 8). The assessment part consists of three different assessment items to measure the user understanding of these diseases and different questions as part of the assessment. Figure 6 shows a sample of choosing the right answer type of questions type and the sample of the true or false type of questions. The proposed learning model requires information in a profoundly individualized process. It has been demonstrated by related work that learning models can be used in real-time and they can be applied in practical education activities. This model helps teachers and pilgrims to understand that different individuals have special ways of obtaining information 3,4,5 . This way, the teachers will be able to use different training techniques so that each pilgrim will be able to learn what is taught. The proposed model design includes three main functions: identifying the inputs/outputs of this courseware, developing this courseware by using ToolBook instructor and evaluating the effectiveness of this courseware. The significance statement of the proposed diagnosing pilgrimage common diseases by interactive multimedia courseware can be summarized as follows:  It provides an integrated classification of diseases according to the symptoms reported by the virtual patient; the symptoms could include high temperature, headache, or body pains.  Some of the symptoms are categorized based on results of laboratory test performed to determine the level of sugar in blood and proportion of salt in the urine, as well as measurements of heartbeat and blood pressure.  This technology performs this task by using the knowledge that has been accumulated from past experience, particularly in the field of disease diagnosis, medicine, and treatment.  The paper will also help physicians in diagnosing common Hajj diseases, as well as in training students enrolled in medical schools. The system will further be expanded by including all the diseases that spread during Hajj.  Our diagnosing pilgrimage common diseases by interactive multimedia courseware overcome the limitations and challenges of pilgrimage common diseases by the courseware has been created using an authoring tool known as ToolBook instructor to provide pilgrims with quality service.  This work aims at enhancing a straightforward ToolBook known as ToolBool instructor. Based on the ADDIE model, the ToolBook would be enhanced to provide instructors with the activities they will need for preparing their own basic teaching materials while checking correspondence with learners.  The systematic knowledge provides knowledge of the methods and procedures (rules) used in the identification of a particular disease. The reference of the diseases has been compiled and classified based on symptoms of each disease. This compilation was validated by professors and experts in the related field. Here, it is important to develop an effective methodology that can enhance the learning about these diseases.

Conclusion
In this work, a system that is capable of diagnosing common Hajj diseases is designed, built and evaluated. The system is multimedia courseware for Hajj healthcare assistance that includes the diagnosis of a number of pilgrimage diseases. The diseases are classified according to the main display characteristic of the type of disease, as well as the symptoms and medical tests so as to distinguish between diseases with similar symptoms. There are many parties that can benefit from this research, including the Ministry of Health and Hospitals and the Committee on medical education of the pilgrims. The system proposed in this research can also assist in diagnosing common Hajj diseases, as well as in training purposes. It is clear that the World Wide Web, hypermedia, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), computer networks, and the Internet are convenient and dynamic means for providing basic education and high-quality training. Nonetheless, the task of changing an implementation plan from a mere representation to a total learning configuration is a challenge that requires detailed information of methods and computer training. ToolBook is a straightforward system that facilitates the process of course configuration with much emphasis being placed on the use of innovation to improve the process of learning. Instructors only require little efforts to make relevant inferences about the efficiency of the structure of the learning framework. This inferences made by the instructors can help in further improving this work. Future work can be done by training the doctors and workers on these applications and programs in real clinical use to check the role of multimedia courseware aided in fact offer assistance in planning them for the real-life setting of a hospitals and medical centers. This would moreover give feedback on capable of diagnosing common Hajj diseases that can be joined into future interactive media courseware in diagnosing common Hajj diseases.