Mangrove Landscaping As An Adaptation Pattern To Reduce The Impact of Climate Change in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap Regency Indonesia

Mangrove landscaping in the


Introduction
Segara Aanakan Lagoon (SAL) is dominated by mangrove and lagoon ecosystems (estuary) [1][2][3] .They are widely used for various anthropogenic and industrial activities 4 , including residential, domestic, 2024, 21(2): 0338-0357 https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8828P-ISSN: 2078-8665 -E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal significant impact on mangrove vulnerability.The vulnerability of the mangrove ecosystem in SAL is also influenced by climate change 2,9 Climate change has a high impact on the lagoon and mangrove stabilization, including the decreasing catches of shrimp, crab, and shell catches 10,11 , rapidly influencing for the increasing of human demands and economic growth 12, reducing the ecosystem services 13, blocked shipping lanes, as well as reduced fishermen's income and productivity of silvofishery activity 14,15 .Additionally, climate change causes stunting and death of mangrove vegetation 16 , along with critical land and soil 17,18, species distribution, habitat, fishing ground, and socio-economic impacts 19-23.It also directly impacts oceanography and lagoon stabilization, such as increasing sea tides 24-26, sea level rise, tidal and water inundation 27-30, sedimentation, ocean and river current [31][32][33] as well as ocean wave 34,35 .The direct and indricet impact of climate change give high impact for mangrove and lagoon ecosystem in SAL.
Mangrove ecosystems in SAL are thought to have specific adaptations to mitigate the impacts of environmental conditions, including climate change.
The pattern of mangrove adaptation can be developed by mangrove zoning and mangrove landscape.However, current ecological conditions and climate change have still threatened the stability and area of mangrove and lagoon ecosystems in SAL.For example, the data from 1978 to 2016 shows that the lagoon has reduced from 4186,45 Ha in 1978 to 1482, 75 Ha in 2016 36.Several studies also reported that the degradation of mangroves in Cilacap and SAL is caused by high sedimentation rates 33,36 , high levels of pollution 5,37,38 and tidal inundation3, anthropogenic factors including logging and conversion 2,39 as well as climate change 2,40,41.
Mangrove landscapes in SAL are developed as a type of conservation activity to mitigate the negative impacts of environmental and climate change on ecosystems.The mangrove landscape is specific pattern of mangroves species to increase the ability and adaptability to live and grow in changing environmental and climatic conditions.In contrast, the some research results also develop mangrove landscaping models, for example the mangrove landscape to reduce coastal disaster risk 1 , reducing heavy metal pollution risk 38 and carbon conservation 42, this landscaping model emphasizes mangroves' ability to mitigate climate and environmental change.As a conservation activity, this method aims to decrease the vulnerability of the mangrove ecosystem, support primary productivity, and reduce the impact of sea waves, sea tides, and water inundation 29,30,43,44.Therefore, this study aims to develop mangrove landscaping as an adaptation pattern to reduce the impact of the sea wave, currents, and water inundation.This research is developed base on the hypothesis that climate and environmental change will reduce the area of mangroves and lagoons.

Study variables
The variables of mangrove landscaping to reduce the impact of climate change and environmental conditions were (1) mangrove landscaping using the data of species density and species distribution, (2) the climate indicators including rainfall intensity (dry and rainy seson), wind speed and wind direction (3) the ecological impacts of climate change which include sea wave and sea current, mangrove and lagoon degradation, and (4) Environment variables that were water inundation, soil pH, water pH, soil texture and water soil salinity.

Vegetation analysis
The Mangrove samples were taken using a plotted line system (plot size 10 m x 10 m).Mangrove vegetation in each plot will be measured Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) above 4 cm 3 as in Fig. 2. The analysis of environment properties The analysis and the measurements of environmental factors at each research station can be seen in Table 1.The mangrove landscaping Mangrove landscaping as an adaptation and tolerance pattern against climate change and environmental conditions was analyzed using density (trees/ha) and species distribution.The domination of mangrove species is indicated by the density, adaptation pattern, and environmental characteristics 3,45 The climate change condition The climate change was assessed using data collected from 2008 to 2021, including (1) the rainfall data, which can be used to determine several criteria, namely the trend of rainfall for the beginning of the rainy and dry season, total rainfall for the sixmonth in the rainy season (October -March), and in the dry season (April -September), the length of the rainy and season, as well as the trend of extreme rainfall and rainy days.(2) Rainy season duration was determined by calculating the rainfall/day, with a total value > 50 mm/day, while the length of the dry season was determined by the rainfall/day < 50 mm/day.(3) The trend of rainfall was calculated by the rainfall condition from April to October for the rainy season, and the dry season period from October to April.(4) Heavy rainfall trend was determined by the number of heavy rainfall with rainfall intensity > 50 mm/day.( 5) The trend of rainy days was analyzed by the number of rain events in the current year [46][47][48].

The mapping of the mangrove and Lagoon ecosystem
The mapping of climate change conditions and impact in the Segara Anakan Lagoon area was carried out using a combination of ArcGIS and geometrology, climatology, as well as geophysical analysis, while the base map processing involved using Landsat from 1990 to 2020.Satellite imagery analysis was used to analyze the impact of climate change on the mangrove and lagoon ecosystem.This was achieved by following several mapping stages comprising (a) image cutting, (b) masking, categorizing, and cropping potential areas using NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index), which is an algorithm to distinguish between land and water areas, remove noise, build color contrast, as well as determine the area 49-53.The NDWI algorithm for mapping the impact of climate change on mangroves and lagoons used color sensor analysis based on the green and infrared bands in the equation system 49,50.The Eq of algorithmic land-water analysis is  =

𝐆𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐧−𝐍𝐈𝐑 𝐆𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐧+𝐍𝐈𝐑
, where Green represents band green (Band 2 pada Landsat 7) and NIR represents band near-infrared (Band 4 pada Landsat 7).(c) The potential analysis area between mangrove and nonmangrove used an unsupervised classification approach with a maximum approach likelihood.(d) The mangrove and lagoon area (ha) was calculated using a vegetation calculating tool, while (e) the mangrove density was determined with NDVI, based on the level of canopy density.The NDVI formula is the reflectance of remotely sensed objects using the analyzed imagery color including the red and nearinfrared spectrum channels, with a range of values from -1 to 1.The formula for the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) 50-52,54, is NDVI = (NIR-RED)/(NIR+RED), Note: NIR= band nearinfrared and RED= band red.The NDVI analysis also used composite images or Band combinations to obtain the image display on each layer of red, green, and blue, as well as radiometric correction, and image contrast sharpening.According to the Ministry of Forestry ( 2005), the mangrove density can be classified into three classes using NDVI namely Rarely pixel ranging from -1.00 to 0.32, Medium density 0.33 -0.42, and high density 0.43 -1.00, indicating that the NDVI value can range between -1 and 1 41,49 .

Statistic analysis
This research used statistic analysis including trend line analysis, determination index, average, deviation standard, stock and tabulation system 3,29,55.The statistical analysis were used to analysis species distribution in climate change area, trend of lagoon and mangrove degradation, distribution rainfall intensity and wind direction.

Mangrove landscaping
Mangrove landscaping is a pattern of tolerance and adaptation of mangrove species to reduce the impact of climate change and environmental conditions as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 3.The Table 2   The result showed different dominant species than the previous study by 7 in Merbau and Rangsang Island.Five mangrove species dominated Segara Anakan, but only three species namely Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia alba, and Xylocarpus granatum were dominant in Merbau Island as well as Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia alba, and Rhizophora apiculate in Rangsang Island 7.This is presumably due to variations in ecological conditions such as a small island with a semiclosed estuary 51 as well as differences in pyrite, nitrate, phosphate, water pollution, pH, and water salinity.Previous studies also reported different dominance of mangrove species in several regions 9,60.The data In detail, mangrove landscaping in Segara Anakan Cilacap can be illustrated into four zones as shown in  Mangrove landscaping is also affected by sea currents, water inundation, sedimentation, sea tide, and ocean wave.Sea currents affect mangrove and aquatic organism distribution due to differences, changes, and distribution of food web structure, water catchment area, tidal inundation, hydrology, nutrients inputs, and source of alternative energy 31,32 .The most adverse impact of climate change, sea waves, sea currents, sea tide, sedimentation, and water inundation is altering the structure and distribution of mangrove species, clustering and association, as well as degradation of the mangrove ecosystem 3,43,61,62 .Moreover, climate change, sea waves, sea level rise, sea currents, and other oceanography factors affect the vulnerability and adaptation of the mangrove ecosystem 26,63.Climate impacts also affect the physiological and morphological characteristics of mangrove species as a pattern of adaptation of mangrove species in response to climate change impacts 64 .The data also showed that Nypa frutican, Rhizophora apiculata, Aegiceras corniculatum, Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia marina and Sonneratia alba show the high ability to reduce impact of climate change, sea current, ocean wave, and water inundation

Rainfall intensity of the dry and rainy season
As shown in The potential of rainfall intensity has various impacts, including heavy and tidal flooding 26,65, storm surge, inland flood, El Nino and la Nina events 66, temperature change (micro and macro impact), as well as crop-specific agricultural productivity 67.The negative impacts of high rainfall intensity include decreased vegetation productivity 67,68, triggering of denitrification and not assimilation 69 , nitrite leaching in depleted soils 70 and high impact on the water budget 71 , The rate of total water change in the aquifer is estimated to be an average of 37.5 mm year −1 with an increase in rainfall of 7.0 mm year −1 71 Data in Fig. 4 shows the fluctuating trend of rainfall intensity wherein the highest occurred in 2010 and 2016, while the lowest was observed in 2008 and 2015.Furthermore, Fig. 4 shows that the rainfall intensity in the dry season was lesser than in the rainy season.The highest potential of rainfall intensity occurred in 2017 for both seasons, while the lowest was observed in 2008 and 2013 for the dry and rainy seasons respectively Fig. 5.

Figure 4. The trend of rainfall intensity in Cilacap Regency
The potential rainfall intensity in the dry and rainy seasons is related to the different conditions of evapotranspiration 72, .which triggers land grabbing, critical land, and land damage 18 , affecting soil water balance, maize production, and potential adaptation measures 17 .Others issues and impacts of potential rainfall include changes in macroclimatic conditions, inputs of nutrients, freshwater, and sediments, coastal watersheds, sea-level rise, and storm activity with a strong influence on the hydrology, ecological functioning, physicochemical environment, and species composition in many ecosystems [73][74][75]  The high rainfall intensity (mm/year)

Figure 5. The trend of rainfall intensity in the rainy and dry season
The wind speed Fig. 6 shows that the wind speed in Segara Anakan and Cilacap Regency based on data from 2009 to 2018 ranged between 5 knots and 9 knots.It also presents the monthly wind speed alteration in a year, and from January to February, the average wind speed was 7 knots.A significant speed increase occurred from May to August, from 7 knots to 9 knots, while the highest was observed in June and August (east monsoon season), which reach 9 knots.

Figure 6. The trend of wind speed in Cilacap and Segara Anakan
The wind speed and direction as shown in Fig. 7 influence fishing activities by communities and fishermen's adaptation to different technology and methods 20,76,77.The data showed that the highest wind speeds tend to occur in June and August (the easterly season) reaching 9 knots, and this is a barrier to fishing activities in Cilacap and Segara Anakan Lagoon.Previous studies 19 and 20 also stated that wind speed has a negative impact and becomes a limitation for fishermen to develop a good adaptation to reduce climate change and support commercial fishing 21 .Furthermore, wind speed has a high impact on sea level rise 27,28 , ocean waves 34,35 , water inundation, sea tide, and river current 31 .The direction also influences river current energy 31-33, as well as food chain 31, organisms, mangrove 16, pollution 59,78 and fishing area distribution 21  The sea wave and sea currents are the main cause of tidal flooding and sea level rise, which usually occur in July, August, and October.The highest wave tends to influence the stability of the lagoon, water inundation, bathymetry, as well as mangrove degradation, coral reef, seaweed, sea grass, habitat degradation of the aquatic organism, and terrestrial organism 34,35,43.The combined effect of sea level rise, climate change, increased high waves, tidal flooding, and other oceanography variables can lead to habitat loss 27,28

Mangrove and Lagoon degradation
The impact of climate change on mangrove and lagoon degradation is illustrated in Fig. 9  Bassically the lagoon and mangrove degradation is influenced by the other factors, because the correlation between mangrove and lagoon degradation with with rainfall intensity = -0,35 (low correlation), with wind speed = 0,18 (low correlation) and sea wave = -0,34(low correlation) (Table 5).The other research show that the degradation of lagoon and mangrove ecosystems in Segara Anakan is also caused by sedimentation (as main factor) and the environment.For example, sedimentation is influenced by climate change and sediment transport from various rivers.A previous study 36 reported that the increasing rate of new land in SAL from 1994 to 2014 was 41.2 ha year -1 , with the sedimentation process reaching 484.14 ha year -1 from 1994 to 2003 and 339.7 ha year -1 from 2003 to 2014.Another study 22 noted that reducing the impact of climate change requires integrated water resource management and conservation of water activity.According to a previous report, 23 climate change has a high impact on lagoons, as indicated by the area inflow which changed from 22.1 km3 to 15.9 km3, lagoon salinity increase from 1.4 ppt to 2.6 ppt, and the lagoon water temperature is projected to rise by
no 1120/UN23/PT.01.02/2023), research colleagues, and BMKG Station Tunggul Wulung Cilacap.We declare that this paper doesn't have any conflict of interest.Trend of lagoon and mangrove area in Segara Anakan Lagoon

Authors' Declaration
Mangrove landscaping is developed to reduce mangrove degradation through adaptation patterns in areas affected by climate and environmental change.This research was conducted in the Segara Anakan Lagoon of Cilacap Regency from 2008 -2021, to develop mangrove landscapes in order to mitigate the impacts of ocean waves, ocean currents, and seawater inundation due to climate change, and analyze mangrove degradation mapping as an impact of climate change from the results of vegetation sampling in the period 2013 -2022.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Design of sampling plot method

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3.According to previous reports, mangrove landscaping in the study area started with Agiceras Floridum, Avicennia Alba, Avicennia Marina, Sonneratia Caseolaris, and Sonneratia Alba at the first zone 3,29.These landscaping patterns indicate the different abilities of mangrove species to adapt and tolerate sedimentation and climate change pressures.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.The wind direction in Cilacap and Segara Anakan Impact of climate change Ocean waves and sea current Fig. 8 shows that the average wave height around the southern waters of Cilacap ranged from 2.7 m to 3.4 m, and the highest waves occurred in July andAugust.This condition is different between the east and west seasons because the wave height in the east season is lower than in the west season wind34,35.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.The sea wave highest in Hindia Ocean, Cilacap Regency

2- 6 Figure 10 .
Figure 10.The impact of climate change on the lagoon degradation

Table 3
, the Rainfall intensity in Cilacap and Segara Anakan Lagoon during the dry and rainy seasons ranged between 2208±502 mm/year and 5435±1372mm/year respectively.The average rainfall in the rainy season was between 1533 and 2558 mm/year, and the dry season was 180 and 1096 mm/year.Moreover, the highest rainfall intensity 2024, 21(2): 0338-0357 https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8828P-ISSN: 2078-8665 -E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal occurred in 2010 at 5069 mm/year and in 2016 at 5435 mm/year Fig. 4. The highest rainfall intensity in the rainy season occurred in 2009 -2010, with an intensity between 2429 mm/year -2558 mm/year but in the dry season, it ranged from 1091-1096 mm/year in 2014 and 2017.The average of rainfall intensity 3552 ± 1000 mm/year (high intensity), with rainfall intensity in rainy seaseon 1987 ± 378 and dry season 912 ± 254 mm/year

Table 5 . The correlation lagoon/mangrove degradation with climate change factors
-Conflicts of Interest: None.-We hereby confirm that all the Figures and Tables in the manuscript are ours.Furthermore, any Figures and images, that are not ours, have been included with the necessary permission for republication, which is attached to the manuscript.-Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by the local ethical committee in University of Jenderal Soedirman University.