Employing NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 1 in the Determination of Echinococcus granulosus Strain in Sheep, Cattle and Human in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. This disease is an important public health and a significant economic issue in Iraq, where the lungs and livers are the popular places of infection. The aim of the current study focused on using the molecular techniques in the detection of an E. granulosus strain that causes cystic echinococcosis to human, sheep and cattle in Thi-Qar province, Iraq. In the current study, thirty isolates of E. granulosus were collected from 10 human hydatid cysts through surgery done at Al-Hussein Imam Teaching Hospital in Thi-Qar province and 10 sheep with 10 cattle hydatid cysts were obtained from the slaughterhouse in Thi-Qar province, Southern of Iraq to identify strains of E. granulosus which infect human and other intermediate hosts (sheep and cattle). The molecular study was carried out on the isolates and a specific primer set for the mitochondrial dehydrogenase NADH subunit 1 (NAD1) gene was used. This primer set was amplified 400 bp of the NAD1 gene in all selected isolates. The PCR products for the twelve selected isolates of E. granulosus (4 isolates per intermediate host) were sequenced and the results for these twelve isolates showed that all sequenced isolates, except one isolate Eg_5, belonged to the sheep strain G1 and a slight genetic diversity was observed with the reference sequences of the strain G1. The exception was in the isolate Eg_5 isolated from a cattle liver, which was similar to the buffalo strain G3. This study concludes that the common E. granulosus strain in Thi-Qar province is G1.
Received 26/11/2019, Accepted 15/3/2020, Published Online First 11/1/2021
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Bhutani N, Kajal P. Hepatic echinococcosis: A review. Ann Med Surg. 2018 Dec 1;36:99-105..
Ma X, Zhang L, Wang J, Luo Y. Knowledge Domain and Emerging Trends on Echinococcosis Research: A Scientometric Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(5):842.
Velasco-Tirado V, Alonso-Sardón M, Lopez-Bernus A, Romero-Alegría Á, Burguillo FJ, Muro A, et al. Medical treatment of cystic echinococcosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):306.
Thompson R, McManus D, Eckert J, Gemmell M, Meslin F, Pawlowski Z. Manual on Echinococcus in humans and animals a public health problem of global concern. 2001.
Dybicz M, Borkowski PK, Jonas M, Wasiak D, Małkowski P. First Report of Echinococcus ortleppi in Human Cases of Cystic Echinococcosis in Poland. BioMed Res Int. 2019; Apr 8 2019.
Kinkar L, Laurimäe T, Acosta-Jamett G, Andresiuk V, Balkaya I, Casulli A, et al. Distinguishing Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotypes G1 and G3 with confidence: A practical guide. Infection, Genet Evol. 2018 Oct 1;64:178-84.
Wang N, Wang J, Hu D, Zhong X, Jiang Z, Yang A, et al. Genetic variability of Echinococcus granulosus based on the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Mito DNA. 2015;26(3):396-401.
Craig P, Mastin A, van Kesteren F, Boufana B. Echinococcus granulosus: epidemiology and state-of-the-art of diagnostics in animals. Vet Parasitol. 2015;213(3-4):132-48.
Pearson M, Le TH, HuaZHANG L, Blair D, Dai TH. Molecular Taxonomy and Strain Analysis in. Cestode Zoonoses: Echinococcosis and Cysticercosis: Emerg Glob Prob. 2002;341:205.
Khademvatan S, Majidiani H, Foroutan M, Tappeh KH, Aryamand S, Khalkhali H. Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in Iran: a systematic review. J Helminthol. 2019;93(2):131-8.
Nakao M, Yanagida T, Okamoto M, Knapp J, Nkouawa A, Sako Y, et al. State-of-the-art Echinococcus and Taenia: phylogenetic taxonomy of human-pathogenic tapeworms and its application to molecular diagnosis. Infect Genet Evol. 2010;10(4):444-52.
Hanifian H, Kambiz D, Tappeh KH, Mohammadzadeh H, Mahmoudlou R. Identification of Echinococcus granulosus strains in isolated hydatid cyst specimens from animals by PCR-RFLP method in West Azerbaijan–Iran. IJP. 2013;8(3):376.
Sharbatkhori M, Mirhendi H, Jex AR, Pangasa A, Campbell BE, Kia EB, et al. Genetic categorization of Echinococcus granulosus from humans and herbivorous hosts in Iran using an integrated mutation scanning‐phylogenetic approach. Electrophoresis. 2009;30(15):2648-55.
Ahmed ME, Salim B, Grobusch MP, Aradaib IE. First molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) genotype 1 among cattle in Sudan. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):36.
Bowles J, Blair D, McManus DP. Genetic variants within the genus Echinococcus identified by mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1992;54(2):165-73.
Galeh TM, Spotin A, Mahami-Oskouei M, Carmena D, Rahimi MT, Barac A, et al. The seroprevalence rate and population genetic structure of human cystic echinococcosis in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2018;51:39-48.
Hansh WJ, Awad A-HH. Genotyping Study of Hydatid Cyst by Sequences of ITS1–rDNA in Thi-Qar–Southern of Iraq. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2016;5(8):350-61.
Hama AA, Mero WM, Jubrael JM, editors. Molecular characterization of E. granulosus, first report of sheep strain in Kurdistan-Iraq. 2nd International Conference on Ecological, Environmental and Biological Sciences (EEBS™ 2012) Oct; 2012.
Vahedi A, Mahdavi M, Ghazanchaei A, Shokouhi B. Genotypic characteristics of hydatid cysts isolated from humans in East Azerbaijan Province (2011-2013). J Anal Res Clin Med. 2014;2(3):152-7.
Utuk AE, Simsek S, Koroglu E, McManus DP. Molecular genetic characterization of different isolates of Echinococcus granulosus in east and southeast regions of Turkey. Acta Tropica. 2008;107(2):192-4.
Shahzad W, Abbas A, Munir R, Khan MS, Avais M, Ahmad J, et al. A PCR analysis of prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus genotype G1 in small and large ruminants in three districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Pak J Zool. 2014;46(6).
Aljawady M. Sheep can be infected with more than one strain of Echinococcus granulosus. Asian J Anim Vet Adv. 2009;8(11):2177-80.
Khalf MS, Al–Faham MA, Al-Taie LH, Alhussian HA. Genotyping of Echinococcus granulose in Samples of Iraqi Patients. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2014;9(3):06-10.
Thys S, Sahibi H, Gabriël S, Rahali T, Lefèvre P, Rhalem A, et al. Community perception and knowledge of cystic echinococcosis in the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco. BMC public health. 2019;19(1):118.