Effect of Demineralization and Physical Activation in Enhancing the Porosity and Adsorption Properties of Recovered Carbon Black Pyrolyzed From Waste Tire

Authors

Siti Nuramirah Rabbani Muhammad Zaki, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Shah Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaFollow
Nurul Fatahah Asyqin Zainal, Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia AND RIG Sustainability Material Design and Manufacturing, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, MalaysiaFollow
Hartini Ahmad Rafaie, Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, Selangor, MalaysiaFollow
Suhaila Idayu Abdul Halim, RIG Sustainability Material Design and Manufacturing, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia AND Eco Power Synergy Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Puchong Jaya, Selangor, MalaysiaFollow
Chia Chay Tay, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; RIG Sustainability Material Design and Manufacturing, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia AND myBioREC, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, MalaysiaFollow

Abstract

This research aims to improve the porosity structure and adsorption characteristics of rCB through demineralization and physical activation techniques. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) at various concentrations (1, 5, 6, and 10 M) was employed for demineralization, followed by the addition of 6 M potassium hydroxide (KOH). Physical activation was conducted at temperature ranges of 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500°C for durations of 1, 2, and 3 h. Characterization of rCB was conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), ash content analysis, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and iodine adsorption number (IAN). Demineralization decreased the ash content from 11.36% to 8.05% and removed iron (Fe3⁺) and magnesium (Mg2⁺) metals. Conversely, physical activation markedly enhanced the porosity of rCB, attaining a peak BET surface area of 188.52 m2 g-1 and an IAN of 100 mg g-1 at 450°C for 1–2 h. Increased temperatures led to pore collapse, particularly at 500°C. The findings indicate that the optimum temperature and duration of physical activation enhance the structure of rCB. This phenomenon facilitates the widespread use of treatment for environmental remediation, including the treatment of wastewater containing dyes.

Keywords

Environmental remediation, Hydrochloric acid, Iodine adsorption number, Potassium hydroxide, Pyrolysis, Surface area

Article Type

Special Issue Article

First Page

55

Last Page

70

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite this Article

Zaki, Siti Nuramirah Rabbani Muhammad; Zainal, Nurul Fatahah Asyqin; Rafaie, Hartini Ahmad; Halim, Suhaila Idayu Abdul; and Tay, Chia Chay (2026) "Effect of Demineralization and Physical Activation in Enhancing the Porosity and Adsorption Properties of Recovered Carbon Black Pyrolyzed From Waste Tire," Baghdad Science Journal: Vol. 23: Iss. 1, Article 5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21123/2411-7986.5136