Novel 1,2,3-Triazole-Saccharin Derivatives as Potential Antioxidants: Green Synthesis, Molecular Docking, DFT and ADMET studies

Authors

• Haitham Fadhil Abdulhasan, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kerbala, Karbala, IraqFollow
• Hayder Raheem Ali, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kerbala, Karbala, IraqFollow
• Sawsan K. Abbas, Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Kerbala, Karbala, IraqFollow
• Ali Mohammed Kadhim, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kerbala, Karbala, IraqFollow
• Jalal Jameel Jahil, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kerbala, Karbala, IraqFollow
• Ali Raheem Abbas, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kerbala, Karbala, IraqFollow
• Noor Mohammed Abdulsada, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Kerbala, Karbala, IraqFollow

Abstract

Novel derivatives of 1,2,3-triazoles bearing a saccharin part (4a-g) were synthesized and produced as promising antioxidant compounds. FTIR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy were used to confirm the structures of the produced compounds. The in vitro synthesized compounds' antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging test. The evaluation revealed that compound 4e exhibited the highest scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ value of 34.65 ± 0.53 μg/mL, outperforming the reference standard ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ = 46.38 ± 0.27 μg/mL), while compound 4f demonstrated significant free radical scavenging action with an with an IC50 value of 60.15 ± 0.07 μg/mL. Molecular docking analysis revealed that all compounds with high scores, particularly 4b and 4d, showed significant binding affinity, with minimum binding energy (-8.7 and -8.9 kcal/mol) in comparison with ascorbic acid (-5.5 kcal/mol) with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrizyl) (PDB ID: 1R4U). The strong correlation between the experimental and computational findings further supported the efficacy of these derivatives. Frontier analysis and the associated band gaps, stability, reactivity, and inhibitory profiles are examples of computational investigations. High nonlinear optical (NLO) activity is shown by compound 4a's exceptionally high hyperpolarizability. In conclusion, the study shows that these novel triazole-saccharin derivatives have considerable antioxidant activity. Additionally, in silico ADMET studies were performed using SwissADME and ADMETlab2.0; the results show better pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles than the control drug (ascorbic acid), and as such could be novel sources of medications for antioxidant drugs. These findings suggest that these 1,2,3-triazoles have significant promise as antioxidant agents, supporting further in vivo research.

Keywords

ADMET studies, Antioxidants, Click chemistry, DFT calculations, Molecular docking, 1, 2, 3-triazoles

Subject Area

Chemistry

Article Type

Article

First Page

3609

Last Page

3628

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite this Article

Abdulhasan, Haitham Fadhil; Ali, Hayder Raheem; Abbas, Sawsan K.; Kadhim, Ali Mohammed; Jahil, Jalal Jameel; Abbas, Ali Raheem; and Abdulsada, Noor Mohammed (2026) "Novel 1,2,3-Triazole-Saccharin Derivatives as Potential Antioxidants: Green Synthesis, Molecular Docking, DFT and ADMET studies," Baghdad Science Journal: Vol. 23: Iss. 10, Article 15.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21123/2411-7986.5421