Investigating the Effect of Drugs of Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin on Acanthamoeba genotype T3 Causing keratitis Isolated from Environmental samples in vitro
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study is an investigation of the drugs effect on some pathogenic Acanthamoeba isolated from Iraqi waters, where the problem of environmental adaptation that characterizes this organism in addition to being a reservoir for many pathogenic microorganisms that take shelter in it to escape disinfectants and medicines is sometimes difficult to treat it with traditional treatments. Twenty water samples were collected from different water regions in Iraq, namely the Dokan Lake, Tigris River, Euphrates River and Najaf Sea, 5 samples from each source. Acanthamoeba was isolated from water samples on NNA and PYG media, using an inverted microscope with an electron microscope to determine their phenotypic features. PCR and Sequencing were also used to determine their genotype. The isolates were belonged to the T3 genotype that causes corneal infections. Then two types of drugs were used to treat it, which were Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin at three different concentrations, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.6% and their inhibitory effect was compared with each other and with the positive control of the Chlorohexidine drug at a concentration of 0.2% which was recommended to treat Acanthamoeba keratitis. The results showed that both drugs have an inhibitory effect against Acanthamoeba growth, and that the chloramphenicol had more effect to inhibit compared with gentamicin and chlorhexidine, and it can be used as an alternative treatment instead of chlorohexidine for treating Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Received 12/8/2020, Accepted 9/3/2021, Published Online First 20/11/2021
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Armand B, Motazedian MH, Asgari Q. Isolation and identification of pathogenic free-living amoeba from surface and tap water of Shiraz City using morphological and molecular methods. Parasitol Res. 2016; 115:63–68.
Köhsler M, Mrva M, Walochnik J. Acanthamoeba. In: Walochnik J, Duchêne M, ED. Molecular Parasitology. Springer, Vienna. 2016; P. 285-324.
Behera HS, Satpathy G, Tripathi M. Isolation and genotyping of Acanthamoeba spp. from Acanthamoeba meningitis/meningoencephalitis (AME) patients in India. Parasit Vectors. 2016; 9(1):442.
Mahdavi Poor B, Dalimi A, Ghafarifar F, Khoshzaban F , Abdolalizadeh J. Contamination of swimming pools and hot tubs biofilms with Acanthamoeba. Acta Parasitologica. 2018; 63(1), 147–153.
Zeybek Z, Demir B, Üstüntürk-Onan M. Unnoticed microorganisms in disin-fection of swimming pools: free- living amoeba. Fresenius Environ. Bull.2017; 26 (12A),7651–7657.M.
Padzik M, Baltaza W, Jacek PS, Hendiger H, Dybicz M, Chomicz L. Comparison of chlorhexidine disinfectant in vitro effect on environmental and ocular Acanthamoeba strains, the amoebicagents of human keratitis −an emerging sight-threateningcorneal disease in Poland. J Parasitol.2018; 64(3),229-233.
Hamilton KA, Ahmed W, Palmer A, Sidhu JP, Hodgers L, Toze S, et al. Public health implications of Acanthamoeba and multiple potential opportunistic pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tanks. Environ. Res.2016 Oct 1;150:320-7.
Anthony Y, Davies DJG, Meakin BJ, Halliday J, Kumar R, MacDonald I , et al. Achlorhexidine contact lens disinfection tablet: designcriteria and antimicrobial efficacy in potable tapwater. J Br Contact Lens Assoc. 1991; 14: 99-108.
Gatti S, Cevini C, Bruno A, Penso G, Rama P, Scaglia M. In vitro effectiveness of povidone-iodine on Acanthamoeba isolates from human cornea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998; 10: 2232-2234.
Hsu BM. Surveillance and evaluation of the infection risk of free – living amoeba- Acanthamoeba in aquatic environments. IJESD. 2016; 7 (6) , 445 – 448.
Lorenzo-Morales J, Khan NA, Walochnik J. An update on Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. Parasite. 2015; 22:10.
Seal DV, Hay J , Kirkness CM. Chlor -hexidine or polyhexamethylene biguanide for Acanthamoeba keratitis. Lancet. 1995; 345: 136.
James LW. The Essential guide to prescription drugs. New York: Harper Perennial. 1992; pp: 321-325.
Karyagdi TK, Mohammed SA, Hassan HF. Molecular Comparison of Free -Living Amoeba Isolated From Iraqi, Iranian and Turkish Waters. Iraqi J. Sci. 2020; 61(7), 1622-1632. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2020.61.7.10.
Behera HS, Satpathy G. Identification of Acanthamoeba sp. With Different Microscopes and Analysis of the Anatomical Change from Trophozoite to Cyst from with an Electron Microscope. EC Microbiology. 2017; 8(4), 203 – 210.
Panikar CK. Textbook of Medical Parasitology. 2nd ed., Joypee Brothers, Daryaganj. New Delhi, India.1989; pp: 224.
Mongo E, Bodet C, Legube B , Hechard H. Acanthamoeba castellanii : cellular changes induced by chlorination . Exp Parasitol. 2010; 126:97-102. Doi: 10. 1016/ j. exppara .2009 . 12. 005.
Lorenzo-Morales J, Khan NA , Walochnik J. An update on Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis pathogenesis and treatment. Parasite. 2015; 22:10.
Agostini V, Lopes LFD, Macedo AJ, Muxagata E. A review on the effects of antimicrobials use in cultures of planktonic organisms: a procedure for ecological experiments. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. 2019; 47 ( 3): 394-415.
Noradilah SA, Kamel AGM, Anisha N, Noraina AR, Yusof S. The Effectiveness of Gentamicin againt Acanthamoeba Cysts in Vitro. MJMHS. 2012;8(2). 51-54.
Hoon G, Tang SGH, Abd- Ghani MK, Nordin A, Hashim M, Noradyani P, et al. Susceptibility of Acanthamoeba Species Isolated from Environmental Specimens to Chlorhexidine, Propamidine Isethionate, Gentamicin and Chloramphenicol: An In-Vitro Study in Malaysia. Int. Medical J.2011; 18(4), pp: 323-326.
Siddiqui R , Khan NA. Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Parasites Vectors. 2012; 5(1):6