Study of Certain Biomarkers in Iraqi Female Patients with Breast Cancer
Main Article Content
Abstract
The prospective study has been designed to determine some biomarkers in Iraqi female patients with
breast cancer. The current study contained 30 patients whose tissue samples have been collected from
hospitals in Medical City in Baghdad after consent patients themselves and used immunohistochemical
technique to determine these markers. The results showed a significant correlation between ER and PR tissue
markers (Sig = 0.000) and a significant correlation between cyclin E phenotype and cyclin E intensity (Sig =
0.001).
Received 1/11/2019
Accepted 5/1/2020
Published Online First 30/4/2021
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
AICR American Institute of Cancer Research. Diet,
Nutrition, Physical activity and breast cancer. World
Cancer Research Fund. 2017 .Pp: 4.
Martínez-Montiel N, Anaya-Ruiz M, Pérez-Santos
M, Martínez-Contreras RD. Alternative Splicing in
Breast Cancer and the Potential Development of
Therapeutic Tools. Genes. 2017; 8 (217): 1 – 14.
Available from http://www.mdpi.com/journal/genes
DOI: 10.3390/genes8100217.
ACS American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and
Figures2018. Atlanta. American Cancer
Society.Inc.Pp: 1, 12.
Saifullah PH, AL-Kazzaz FF, Zayzafoon NN.
Study of Malondialdehyde levels in sera, RBCs ant
tissues homogenate of Iraqi women with breast
tumors. Baghdad Sci J. 2009; 6 ( 3 ) : 553 – 562 .
Duffy MJ, Harbeck N, Nap M, Molina R, Nicolini
A, Senkus E, et al. Clinical use of biomarkers in
breast cancer: Updated guidelines from the European
Group on Tumor Markers (EGTM) .Eur J of Cancer.
; 75: 284e – 298e. Available from http://
dx.doi.org DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.01.017.
Open Access Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
, 18(4): 1140-1148 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Weigel MT, Dowsett M. Current and emerging
biomarkers in breast cancer: prognosis and prediction
. EndocrRelat Cancer. 2010; 17 (1): R245 – R262.
Available fromhttp://www.endocrinology-
journals.org.DOI: 10.1677/ERC-10-0136.
Bjornstrom L, Sjoberg M . Mechanisms of Estrogen
Receptor Signaling: Convergence of Genomic and
Nongenomic Actions on Target Genes
.MolEndocrinol. 2005; 19 (4): 833 – 842. Available
from https://academic.oup.com/mend/article-
abstract/19/4/833/2741274.DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-
Yue W, Wang J-P, Li Y, Fan P, Liu G, Zhang
N, et al. Effects of estrogen on breast cancer
development: role of estrogen receptor independent
mechanisms. Int J Cancer. 2010; 127 (8): 1748
–1757. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25207.
Micheli A, Muti P, Secreto G, Krogh V, Meneghini
E, Venturelli E, et al. Endogenous sex hormones
and subsequent breast cancer in premenopausal
women.Int.J Cancer. 2004; 112 (1):312 – 318
.Available from
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20403.DOI:
1002/ijc.20403.
Majumder A, Singh M, Tyagi SC. Post-
menopausal breast cancer: from estrogen to androgen
receptor .Oncotarget. 2017; 8 (60): 102739 – 102758.
Selli C, Sims AH.Neoadjuvant Therapy for Breast
Cancer as a Model for Translational Research . Breast
Cancer: Basic and Clin Res. 2019; 13: 1- 7. DOI:
1177/1178223419829072.
Wang J, Xu B. Targeted therapeutic options and
future perspectives for HER2-positive breast cancer
.Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2019; 4 ( 34 ) : 1 –
Available from http: // doi. Org DOI:
1038/s41392-019-0069-2.
Sareyeldin RM, Gupta I, Al-Hashimi I, Al-
Thawadi HA, Al Farsi HF, Vranic S, et al. Gene
Expression and miRNAs Profiling: Function and
Regulation in Human Epidermal Growth Factor
Receptor 2 (HER2)-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers.
; 11 (646): 1 – 20. Available from
www.mdpi.com/journal/cancers.DOI:
3390/cancers 11050646.
Furrer D, Paquet C, Jacob S, Diorio C. The
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 ( HER2
) as a prognostic and predictive biomarker: molecular
insights into HER2 activation and diagnostic
implications. IntechOpe. 2018; 11 – 31.Available
from http : // dx.doi.org DOI:
5772/intechopen.78271.
Wilson FR, Coombes ME, Wylie Q, Yurchenko
M, Brezden-MasleyCh, Hutton B, et al. Herceptin
(trastuzumab) in HER2-positive early breast cancer:
protocol for a systematic review and cumulative
network meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews. 2017; 6
(196): 1 – 8. Available from
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero.DOI:
1186/s13643-017-0588-2.
Mokuyasu S, Suzuki Y.Clinical Utility of Serum
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Type 2
Testing as a Marker of Therapeutic Response in
Tissue HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Patients . Int J
Cancer Clin Res. 2017; 4 ( 2 ) : 1 – 6. DOI:
23937/2378-3419/1410089.
Cianfrocca M, Goldstein LJ. Prognostic and
Predictive Factors in Early-Stage Breast Cancer.
Oncologist. 2004; 9 : 606 – 616 .
Hatem SF, Alyaqubi KJ, Al-Atrooshi SAB – W,
Alsayyid MM, Saad M, Safaa R. The Study of
HER-2/neu, ER/PR Expression Using
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the Iraqi Breast
Cancer.Kufa J For Veter Med Sci .2016; 7 ( 1 ): 18 –
.
Chappuis PO, Donato E, Goffin JR, Wong N,
Be´gin LR, Kapusta LR, et al. Cyclin E expression
in breast cancer: predicting germline BRCA1
mutations, prognosis and response to treatment.
Annals of Oncology.2005; 16: 735 –
Availablefrom
https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article-
abstract/16/5/735/150169.DOI:
1093/annonc/mdi149.
Hwang HC, Clurman BE. Cyclin E in normal and
neoplastic cell cycles.Oncogene.2005; 24: 2776 –
DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208613.
Law ME, Corsino PE, Narayan S, Law BK.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer
Therapeutics.Mol.Pharmacol.2015; 88: 846 –
Available from http:// dx.doi.org DOI:
1124/mol.115.099325.
Akli S, Carolyn S, Pelt V, Bui T, Multani AS,
Chang S, et al. Overexpression of the Low Molecular
Weight Cyclin E in Transgenic Mice Induces
Metastatic Mammary Carcinomas through the
Disruption of the ARF-p53 Pathway . Cancer Res .
; 67: (15) : 7212 – 7222 . Available from
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org.DOI : 10.1158/0008-
CAN-07-0599 .
Karakas C, Biernacka A, Bui T, Sahin AA, Yi M,
Akli S, et al.CytoplasmicCyclin E and Phospho-
Cyclin - Dependent Kinase 2 Are Biomarkers of
Aggressive Breast Cancer. The Am J of Pathol. 2016;
(7): 1900 – 1912. Available from http://
dx.doi.org DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.024 .
Duronio RJ, Xiong Y. Signaling pathways that
control cell proliferation. Cold Spring Harbor
perspectives in biology. 2013 Mar
;5(3):a008904.Available from
www.cshperspectives.org.DOI:
/cshperspect.a008904.
Iqbal BM, Buch A. Hormone receptor (ER, PR,
HER2/neu) status and proliferation index marker (Ki-
in breast cancers: Their onco-pathological
correlation, shortcomings and future trends. Med J
DYPatil Univ. 2016; 9 (6): 674 – 679.Available
from: http://www.mjdrdypu.org/text.asp?2016/9/6/67
/194180. DOI: 10.4103/0975-2870.194180.
Hunt KK, Karakas C, Ha MJ, Biernacka A, Yi
M, Sahin AA, et al. Cytoplasmic Cyclin E Predicts
Recurrence in Patients with Breast Cancer. Clin
Cancer Res. 2016; 0f1 – of12.Available from
www.aacrjournals.org.DOI: 10.1158/1078-
CCR-16-2217.
Open Access Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
, 18(4): 1140-1148 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Nuttall FQ.Body Mass Index Obesity, BMI, and
Health: A Critical Review. Nutr Today. 2015; 50 (3):
– 128. Available from
www.nutritiontodayonline.com.DOI:
1097/NT.0000000000000092.
Mahir W, Rouas L, Ouzir M, Ferhati D, Rhrab
B, Alhamany Z, Cherradi N. Correlation of ER, PR
and HER2 with clinico-pathological parameters in
Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma of Breast in Morocco
.Int J of Innovation and Applied Studies.2016; 14 (2)
: 498 – 506.
Arafah M. Correlation of Hormone Receptors with
Her-2 Neu Protein Expression and the Histological
Grade in Invasive Breast Cancers in a Cohort of
Saudi Arabia.Turkish J of Pathol. 2012; 28 (1): 38 –
Available from http://www.endocrinology-
journals.org.DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2012.01095.
Horwitz KB, McGuire WL.Estrogen control of
progesterone receptor in human breast cancer
correlation with nuclear processing of estrogen
receptor. The J ofbiol Chem. 1978; 253 (7): 2223 –
Dubowy RL, Feinberg RF, Keefe DL, Doncel
GF, Williams ShC, McSweet JC, et al . Improved
endometrial assessment using cyclin E and p27.
Fertility and Sterility.2003; 80 (1): 146 – 156. DOI:
1016/S0015-0282(03)00573-9.