Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes Using Modified Hummers Method for Cathode Electrodes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this research, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is prepared through the Hummers method with a slight change in some of the work steps, thus, a new method has been created for preparing carbon nanotubes which is similar to the original Hummers method that is used to prepare graphene oxide. Then, the suspension carbon nanotubes is transferred to a simple electrode position platform consisting of two electrodes and the cell body for the coating and reduction of the carbon nanotubes on ITO glass which represents the cathode electrode while platinum represents the anode electrode. The deposited layer of carbon nanotubes is examined through the scanning electron microscope technique (SEM), and the images throughout the research show the formation of carbon nanotubes. In the second part of the research, a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is prepared to utilize carbon nanotube as the cathode electrode, titanium oxide nanoparticles as the anode electrode by using a natural dye (pomegranate dye). The assembled dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is tested by two electrodes potentiostat using Xenon light source and all parameters are established; Vocp, Imax, Vmax, Isc and calculated full factor and conversion efficiency.
Received 5/3/2022, Revised 7/9/2022, Accepted 8/9/2022, Published Online First 20/4/2023
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Luo T, Chen X, Li P, Wang P, Li C, Cao B, et al . Laser irradiation- induced laminated graphene/MoS2 composites with synergistically improved tribological properties. Nanotechnology. 2018; 29 (26). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6528/aabcf5/meta.
Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature. 1991; 354 (6348): 56-58.
https://www.nature.com/articles/354056a0.
Moniri S, Ghoranneviss M, Hantehzadeh R, Asadabad M. Synthesis and optical characterization of copper nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation. Bull. Mater. Sci. 2017; 40(1): 37-43.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-016-1348-y
Entesar AG, Al-Jabarti GA, Reem MA. The synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials by pulsed laser ablation in water. Mater Res Express. 2020; 7(1): 015002. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/ab572b
Dudek M, Rosowski A, Koperkiewicz A, Grobelny J, Wach R, Sharp M, et al. Carbon nanoparticles fabricated by infrared laser ablation of graphite and polycrystalline diamond targets. Phys Status Solidi A. 2017; 214 (2):1600318.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201600318.
Tarasenka N, Stupak A, Tarasenko N, Chakrabarti S, Mariotti D. Structure and optical properties of carbon nanoparticles generated by laser treatment of graphite in liquids. Chem Phys. 2017; 18(9): 1074-1083. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201601182.
Yogesh GK, Shuaib E, Sastikumar D. Photoluminescence properties of carbon nanoparticles synthesized from activated carbon powder(4% ash) by laser ablation in solution. Mater. Res. Bull 2017; 91: 220-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2017.02.038. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025540816319894.
Teri WO, Jin LH, Philip MK, Charles ML. Structure and Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes. Chem Phys. 2000; 104(13): 2794–2809.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jp993592k
Staudenmaier L. The synthesis of graphitic acid. Chem Ber. 1898; 31: 1481-1487. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.18980310237
Buthainah A, Dayang R, Sapuan S, Zaidan A, Alnuami W, Mohamed Y, et al. Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes via Chemical Technique (Modified Staudenmaier Method. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. - Asia. 2017; 7(1): 113-122.
https://doi.org/:10.2174/2210681206666160711161421
Al-Sammarraei AM, Mazin HR. Reduced Graphene Oxide Coating for Corrosion Protection Enhancement of Carbon Steel in Sea water. Iraqi J Sci. 2016; (Special Issue, Part B): 243-250.
Al-Sammarraei AM, Mazin HR. Electrodeposited Reduced Graphene Oxide Films on Stainless Steel, Copper, and Aluminum for Corrosion Protection Enhancement. Int J Corros. 2017; 2017 (6939354). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6939354
Kiran NU, Sanjukta D, Bimal PS, Laxmidhar B. Graphene Coating on Copper by Electrophoretic Deposition for Corrosion Prevention. Coatings. 2017; 7(12): 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7120214 .
Yardnapar P, Preecha T, Sirinrath S. Bacterial Stress and Osteoblast Responses on Graphene Oxide-Hydroxyapatite Electrodeposited on Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays. J Nanomater. 2017; 2017:2194614). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2194614
Maryam A, Sahar P, Abdollah A. Corrosion resistance and photocatalytic activity evaluation of electrophoretically deposited TiO2-rGO nanocomposite on 316L stainless steel substrate Ceram Int. 2019; 45(11): 13747-13760.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CERAMINT.2019.04.071 .
Ollik K, Rybarczyk M, Karczewski J, Lieder M. Fabrication of anti-corrosion nitrogen doped graphene oxide coatings by electrophoretic deposition. Appl Surf Sci. 2020; 499(143914).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143914
Brian R, Michael G. A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature. 1991; 353: 737–740.
https://www.nature.com/articles/353737a0
Aleksandra D, Leszek AD, Marek S, Marzena PP. Carbon Nanotubes Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Application. Archives of Metallur and Materi. 2016; 61(2): 803-806. https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0135 .
Leszek AD, Marzena PP Aleksandra D, Wierzbicka's A. Carbon Nanomaterials Application as a Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Arch Metall Mater. 2017; 62(1): 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0004
Lukaszkowicz K, Pawlyta M, Pasternak I, Dobrzański L A, Prokopiuk vel Prokopowicz M, Szindler M. Characterizations of graphene-based layers for dye sensitised solar cells application. Surf Eng. 2016; 32(11): 816-822. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2016.1164276 .
Dobrzański LA, Marzena PP, Lukaszkowicz K, Drygała A, Szindler M. Graphene oxide film as semi-transparent counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cell. J. of Achievements in Materia and Manufact Engineering. 2015; 73(1): 13-20.
http://jamme.acmsse.h2.pl/vol73_1/7312.pdf
Dobrzanski LA, et al. Carbon Nanomaterials application as a counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Arch Metall Mater. 2017; 62(1): 27-32. https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0004
Haneen SH, Nada KA. Preparing and Studying Structural and Optical Properties of Pb1-xCdxS Nanoparticles of Solar Cells Applications. Baghdad J Sci. 2021; 18(3): 640-648.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.3.0640
Isam MI, Abeer HK. Conjugated Polymer (MEH-PPV:MWCNTs) Organic Nanocomposite for Photodetector Application. Baghdad J Sci. 2018; 15(4): 441-448.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2018.15.4.0441 .
Intisar AH, Rana IK, Asmaa MR. Structural and Optical Properties for Nanostructure (Ag2O/Si & Psi) Films for Photodetector Applications. Baghdad J Sci. 2019; 16 (4): 1036-1042.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.4(Suppl.).1036
Sanchayan M, Pardhasaradhi N, Basudev P, Subramanian B, Subhendu K . Enhanced efficiency of DSSC by lyophilized tin-doped molybdenum sulfide as counter electrode. J Alloys Compd. 2022; 894 (162406). DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.162406.
Aziz NA, Rahman MY, Umar AA. Palladium selenide as cathode for dye-sensitized solar cell: Effect of palladium content. Solid State Electron. 2022; 190 (108255). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2022.108255.
Aziz NA, Rahman MY, Umar AA. Comparative study of dye-sensitized solar cell utilizing selenium and palladium cathode. J Indian Chem Soc. 2022; 99 (100289).
Abdelaal SA, Wanchun X, Fatma SM, Xiujian Z. Screen-printed carbon black/SiO2 composite counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Sol Energy. 2021; 230: 902-911.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.11.004 .
Liu S, Qi W, Cao Y, Liang C, Geng S, Guo H, et al. Design and characterization of frog egg shaped CoFe2O4@C core-shell composite as a novel multi-functional counter electrode for low cost energy devices. J Alloys Comp. 2022; 915 (165395).
Liu S, Wang S, Coa Y, Zhang W, Li L. Application of ZIF-67 based nitrogen-rich carbon frame with embedded Cu and Co bimetallic particles in QDSSCs. Sol Energy. 2022; 237: 144–152.
Zhang X, Fan R, Liu M, Zhang W, Li L. Preparation of CoNi@CN composites based on metal- organic framework materials as high efficiency counter electrode materials for dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy. 2022; 231: 767–774.
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2022SoEn..231..767Z/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.12.006
Li Z, Liu S, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhang W. In situ grown MnCo2O4@NiCo2O4 layered core-shell plexiform array on carbon paper for high efficiency counter electrode materials of dye-sensitized solar cells. Mater Sci. 2021; 220 (110859).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110859 .
Cherry B, Pardeep K. Use of natural dyes for the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cell: a review. Bull. Pol Acad Sci Tech Sci 2021; 69(6): 1-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.24425/bpasts.2021.139319.
Das SK, Ganguli S, Kabir H, Khandaker JI, Ahmed F. Performance of Natural Dyes in Dye- Sensitized Solar Cell as Photosensitizer. Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 2020; 21(1): 105–116 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42341-019-00158-y.
Hanaa JA, Balqees MA, Rana MS. Natural Pigment –Poly Vinyl Alcohol Nano composites Thin Films for Solar Cell. Baghdad Sci J. 2020; 17(3): 832-840. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2020.17.3.0832
Ammar MH, Ons C, Ismail I. Promoting Solar Cell Efficiencies via Employing Sliver- Carbon- Pomegranate Peel Nano System. Baghdad Sci J. 2019; 16(2).
Akeem A, Mustafa G. Ternary Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/carbon nanocomposite as counter electrode for natural dye-sensitized solar cells: Electro-photovoltaic characterizations. J Photochem Photobio A: Chem. 2022; 425 (113665).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113665 .
William SH, Richard EO. Preparation of graphitic oxide. J Am Chem Soc. 1958; 80(6): 1339- 1344. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01539a017 .
Schlichthörl G, Park NG, Frank AJ. Evaluation of the charge-collection efficiency of dye- sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells. J Phys Chem B. 1999; 103(5): 782-791.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9831177 .
Zhang Q, Cao G. Nanostructured photoelectrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. NanoToday. 2011; 6(1): 91-109.