Validation of Analysis of S-Phenyl Mercapturic Acid in Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – Photodiode Array
Main Article Content
Abstract
An easy, eclectic, precise, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was developed and validated for the estimation of S-phenyl mercapturic acid in urine. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a separation column of the ODS-3 Inertsil type with dimensions of (5μ ,150mm x 4.6mm). The column temperature was set at 45° C. A mobile phase composed of acetonitrile: methanol: deionized water acidified with perchloric acid 60% (v/v/v ratio of 4:1:5, pH=3) was used at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and a wavelength of 225 nm for UV detection. System Suitability tests (SSTs) are typically performed to assess the suitability and effectiveness of the entire chromatography system. Retention times of S-phenyl mercapturic acid and Benzoic acid were found to be 17.3 and 15.6 minutes, respectively. The detection limit was 0.126 μg/ml, the quantitative estimation unit was 0.38 μg/ml, and the recovery was 97.183%. S-phenyl mercapturic acid showed a linear signal in the domain of 0.5-20 μg/mL.
The developed method has been validated through linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, LOD, and LOQ. Therefore, the proposed analytical method proved its applicability and efficiency in estimating the benzene metabolite in urine.
Received 14/11/2022
Revised 19/05/2023
Accepted 21/05/2023
Published Online First 20/11/2023
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
alib AH, Ali ZA. Measurement of some Air Pollutantsin Printing Units and Copy Centers Within Baghdad City. Baghdad Sci J. 2021; 18(1): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.1(Suppl.).0687.
Anad AM, Hassoon AF, Al-Jiboori MH. Assessment of air pollution around Durra refinery (Baghdad) from emission NO2 gas at April month. Baghdad Sci J. 2022; 19(3): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.19.3.0515
Mihajlović V, Grba N, Suđi J, Eichert D, Krajinović S, Gavrilov MB,et al. Assessment of Occupational Exposure to BTEX in a Petrochemical Plant via Urinary Biomarkers. Sustain Sci. 2021; 13:7178:1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137178
Noor A, Hanifah S, Tualeka AR, Haqi DN, Russeng SS. Relationship between the Safe Benzene Concentration with Blood Profile of Printing X Surabaya Workers. Indian J Med Forensic Med Toxicol. 2020; 14(4): 6210–8. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.17872
Yadav A, Saha A, Chakrabarti A, Nengzapum G, Das A, Das S. Urinary metabolites as exposure biomarkers of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in footwear workers and assessment of pulmonary function. Environ Dis. 2021; 6: 91-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/ed.ed_5_21
Zhang X, Deng Q, He Z, Li J, Ma X, Zhang Z, et al. Influence of benzene exposure, fat content, and their interactions on erythroid-related hematologic parameters in petrochemical workers: A cross-sectional study. J BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10. 1186/s12889-020-08493-z.
Wulandari P, Wispriyono B, Fitria L, Kusnoputranto H, Arrazy S, Sanjaya BR. Urinary S-Phenylmercapturic Acid (S-PMA) Level as Biomarkers of Exposure to Benzene in Informal Shoes Industrial Workers, Cibaduyut Bandung. KnE Life Sci. 2018; 4(1): 84. https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v4i1.1369
Lebel ED, Michanowicz DR, Bilsback KR, Hill LAL, Goldman JSW, Domen JK, et al. Composition, Emissions, and Air Quality Impacts of Hazardous Air Pollutants in Unburned Natural Gas from Residential Stoves in California. Environ Sci Technol. 2022; 56(22): 15828–38. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02581
Sekar A, Varghese GK, Ravi Varma MK. Analysis of benzene air quality standards, monitoring methods and concentrations in indoor and outdoor environment. J Heliyon. 2019; 5(11): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02918
Rosting C, Olsen R. Biomonitoring of the benzene metabolite s-phenylmercapturic acid and the toluene metabolite s-benzylmercapturic acid in urine from firefighters. Toxicol Lett. 2020; 329(2): 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.04.018
Carrieri M, Spatari G, Tranfo G, Sapienza D, Scapellato ML, Bartolucci GB, et al. Biological monitoring of low level exposure to benzene in an oil refinery: Effect of modulating factors. Toxicol Lett. 2018; 298: 70–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.001
Norjannah S, Wulandari RA, Asyary A. Benzene exposure analysis through S-phenylmercapturic acid in urine at platelet levels in footwear workers in Sukajaya village, Bogor regency. Maced J Med Sci. 2021; 9(E): 260–4. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5783
Cox LA, Ketelslegers HB, Lewis RJ. The shape of low-concentration dose–response functions for benzene: implications for human health risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2021; 51(2): 95–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2020.1860903
Boogaard PJ, Van Sittert NJ. Suitability of S-phenyl mercapturic acid and trans-trans-muconic acid as biomarkers for exposure to low concentrations of benzene. J Environ Health Perspect. 1996;104(SUPPL. 6): 1151–7. https://doi.org/10.2307/3433156
Arnold SM, Angerer J, Boogaard PJ, Hughes MF, O’Lone RB, Robison SH, et al. The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessment: Benzene case study. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2013; 43(2): 119–53. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2012.756455
Bhandari D, Mccarthy D, Biren C, Movassaghi C, Blount BC, Jesús VR De. Development of a UPLC-ESI-MS / MS method to measure urinary metabolites of selected VOCs : Benzene , cyanide , furfural , furfuryl alcohol , 5-. J Chromatogr B. 2019; 1126–1127(August): 121746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121746
Dugheri S, Pizzella G, Mucci N, Bonari A, Cappelli G, Santillo M, et al. Low-Dose Benzene Exposure Monitoring of Oil Refinery Workers: Inhalation and Biomarkers. J Atmos. 2022; 13(3): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13030450
Campagna M, Satta G, Campo L, Flore V, Ibba A, Meloni M, et al. Biologicalmonitoring of low-level exposure to benzene. Med del Lav. 2012; 103(5): 338–46. PMID: 23077794.
Li AJ, Pal VK, Kannan K. A review of environmental occurrence, toxicity, biotransformation and biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds. J Environ Chem Ecotoxicol. 2021; 3:91–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2021.01.001
Waidyanatha S, Rothman N, Li G, Smith MT, Yin S, Rappaport SM. Rapid determination of six urinary benzene metabolites in occupationally exposed and unexposed subjects. Anal Biochem. 2004; 327(2): 184–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2004.01.008
Gomes AP, Barbosa E, Dos Santos ALA, Lizot LF, Sauer E, Garcia SC, et al. A simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of S-phenylmercapturic acid in human urine. Quim Nova. 2021; 44(3): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20170651
Purwanto DA, Primaharinastiti R, Annuryanti F. Development and validation of HPLC method for determination of S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) in urine. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014; 6(5): 305–8. https://innovareacademics.in/journal/ijpps/Vol6Issue5/9304.pdf
Inoue O, Kanno E, Kakizaki M, Watanabe T, Higashikawa K, Ikeda M. Urinary phenylmercapturic acid as a marker of occupational exposure to benzene. Ind Health. 2000; 38(2): 195–204. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.38.195
Khan HA. A concise review of chromatographic methods for the analysis of benzene and its metabolites. Croat Chem Acta. 2006; 79(2): 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200634296
Bose A. HPLC Calibration Process Parameters in Terms of System Suitability Test. Austin Chromatogr. 2014; 1(2): 4. ISSN: 2379-7975. Austin Chromatogr 1(2): id1008 (2014) https://dokumen.tips/download/link/hplc-calibration-process-parameters-in-terms-of-system-suitability-.html
IFPMA I. validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology Q2 (R1). International Conference on Harmonization, Geneva, Switzerland 2005. https://www.gmp-compliance.org/files/guidemgr/Q2(R1).pdf