Investigation of curing kinetics analysis and their effects on properties of epoxy: polystyrene blending

Authors

  • Zahraa Imran Mousa Department of Polymer and Petrochemical Industries, Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq.
  • Najim .A.Saad Department of Polymer and Petrochemical Industries, Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9003

Keywords:

Epoxy Resin, Kinetics analysis, Polystyrene Blending, Thermal properties (TGA), Transition temperature (Tg).

Abstract

The effect of curing conditions, such as temperature, concentration of toughening material, such as polystyrene, on epoxy resin cure kinetics was studied, along with the effects of curing parameters, such as degree of cure (α) and glass transition temperature (Tg), mechanical properties, thermal properties (TGA), and morphology of epoxy and its blends. Tg, degree of cure, and thermal stability measures were calculated from a DSC chart, mechanical properties (tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation at break) were measured using a universal tensile machine, the curing process was the same for all samples with varying temperatures, and the morphology of fracture surface Clearfield was examined using SEM. The samples were prepared by mixing two sets of (resin/hardener)+polystyrene (PS) (0, 2.5 % Wt., 5% Wt., and 7.5% Wt.) by mechanical stirring. The first set was cured at room temperature, while the second set was cured at 80 °C. The chart is drawn with the content of PS, as the degree of value is converging. The value of Tg in the first set decreased in comparison with neat epoxy resin along with increasing polystyrene content, then increased at 5% Wt., 7.5% Wt. PS at room temperature while deceased with 80 °C. The mechanical properties decreased at both room temperature and 80 °C. The thermal stability in the first stage showed good stability with increasing temperature the degradation become faster until reach charring of the sample. SEM was used to examine the broken surface's morphology after PS cure at room temperature reduced.

References

Aradhana R, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. High performance epoxy nanocomposite adhesive: Effect of nanofillers on adhesive strength, curing and degradation kinetics. Int J Adhes Adhes. 2018; 84: 238–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.03.013

Kadhim N, Mei Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Meng F, Jiang M, et al. Remarkable improvement in the mechanical properties of epoxy composites achieved by a small amount of modified helical carbon nanotubes. Polym. (Basel). 2018; 10(10): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10101103

Hassan Salma, M. Aseel A. Kareem HIJ. Study the effect of acid immersion on the hardness of (Epoxy – Granite) composite. Baghdad Sci J. 2014; 11(2): 702–6. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.2.702-706

Farooq U, Teuwen J, Dransfeld C. Toughening of Epoxy Systems with Interpenetrating Polymer Network IPN: A Review. Polym. 2020; 12: 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091908

Ozgul EO, Ozkul MH. Effects of epoxy , hardener , and diluent types on the hardened state properties of epoxy mortars. Constr Build Mater. 2018; 187: 360–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.215

Hoshino T, Okamoto Y, Yamamoto A, Masunaga H. Heterogeneous dynamics in the curing process of epoxy resins. Sci Rep . 2021; 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89155-x

Huang M, Shen Z, Wang Y, Li H, Luo T, Lei Y. Thermo-mechanical properties and morphology of epoxy resins with co-poly (phthalazinone ether nitrile). J Polym Res. 2019; 26(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-019-1750-4

Barros JJP, Silva IDDS, Jaques NG, Wellen RMR. Approaches on the non-isothermal curing kinetics of epoxy/PCL blends. J Mater Res Technol. 2020; 9(6): 13539–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.09.081

Zheng T, Xi H, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, Qiao Y, et al. The curing kinetics and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites reinforced by PEEK microparticles. Polym Test. 2020; 91(July): 106781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106781

Nanocomposite R, Zheng T, Wang X, Lu C, Zhang X, Ji Y. Studies on Curing Kinetics and Tensile Properties of Silica-Filled Phenolic Amine / Epoxy. Polym. 2019; 11(4): 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040680

Hosseinpour A, Nazockdast H, Behzad T, Salimijazi HR. Investigation of the cure kinetics of an epoxy resin by advanced isoconversional and model-fitting methods. AIP Conf Proc. 2016; 1713(1): 110004. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4942315

Tan SK, Ahmad S, Chia CH, Mamun A, Heim HP. A Comparison Study of Liquid Natural Rubber ( LNR ) and Liquid Epoxidized Natural Rubber ( LENR ) as the Toughening Agent for Epoxy. Am J Mater Sci. 2013; 3(3): 55–61. https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-202012082433

Aiza Jaafar CN, Zainol I, Ishak NS, Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM. Effects of the liquid natural rubber (LNR) on mechanical properties and microstructure of epoxy/silica/kenaf hybrid composite for potential automotive applications. J Mater Res Technol. 2021; 12: 1026–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.020

Li H, Chen G, Su H, Li D, Sun L, Yang J. Effect of the stoichiometric ratio on the crosslinked network structure and cryogenic properties of epoxy resins cured at low temperature. Eur Polym J. 2018; 112: 792-798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.10.051

García-Manrique JA, Marí B, Ribes-Greus A, Monreal L, Teruel R, Gascón L, et al. Study of the degree of cure through thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy in composite-forming processes. Mater. (Basel) 2019; 12(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233991

Sun Z, Xu L, Chen Z, Wang Y, Tusiime R. Enhancing the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resin via Blending with Thermoplastic Polysulfone. Polym. 2019; 11(3): 461 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11030461

Roy S, Petrova RS, Mitra S. Effect of carbon nanotube ( CNT ) functionalization in epoxy-CNT composites. Nanotechnol Rev. 2018; 7(6): 475–85. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2018-0068

Zhang Y, Song P, Fu S, Chen F. Morphological structure and mechanical properties of epoxy/polysulfone/cellulose nanofiber ternary nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol. 2015; 115: 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.05.003

19 Khalid R, Sarah Kh. The Effect of nano particles of TiO2-Al2O3 on the Mechanical properties of epoxy Hybrid nanocomposites. Baghdad Sci J. 2015; 12(3): 597–602. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2015.12.3.597-602

I.Husaen S. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotube reinforced Epoxy Resin composites. Baghdad Sci J . 2012; 9(2): 330–335. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.2.330-334

21 Heng Z, Zeng Z, Chen Y, Zou H, Liang M. Silicone modified epoxy resins with good toughness, damping properties and high thermal residual weight. J Polym Res. 2015; 22(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-019-1750-4

22. Aradhana R, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. High performance epoxy nanocomposite adhesive: Effect of nanofillers on adhesive strength, curing and degradation kinetics. Int J Adhes Adhes. 2018; 84(March): 238–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.03.013

Downloads

Issue

Section

article

How to Cite

1.
Investigation of curing kinetics analysis and their effects on properties of epoxy: polystyrene blending. Baghdad Sci.J [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct. 13];21(12). Available from: https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/view/9003