Spectrophotometric Analysis of Vancomycin Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Injections via Batch and Cloud Point Extraction Techniques
Main Article Content
Abstract
Development of a precise and delicate reaction has been acquired for the determination of vancomycin hydrochloride using batch and cloud point extraction (CPE) methods. The first method is based on the formation of azo dye as a result of diazotized dapsone coupled with vancomycin HCl (VAN) in a basic medium. The sensitivity of this reaction was enhanced by utilizing a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-114) and the cloud point extraction technique (second method). The azo dye formed was extracted into the surfactant-rich phase, dissolved in ethanol and detected at λmax 440 nm spectrophotometrically. The reaction was investigated using both batch and CPE methods (with and without extraction), and a simple comparison between the two developed methods was made. The conditions that affect the extraction process and the sensitivity of the methods have been carefully examined. The linearity of the calibration curves was in the range of 3-50 and 0.5- 25 µg.mL-1 with limits of detection of 0.806 and 0.462 µg.mL-1 for VAN in both batch and CPE procedures, respectively. The percentage of relative standard deviation (R.S.D.%) for the two methods was better than 2.54% and 2.83%, respectively. The recommended procedures have been effectively used to assay VAN in commercial injections.
Received 23/10/2021
Accepted 6/2/2022
Published Online First 20/7/2022
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Bycroft BW, David JP. Dictionary of antibiotics & related substances, 2ed Ed. USA: CRC Press; 2013: 1783, 611. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482282153
Janaina MARM, Isabela GM, Indira SRL, Beatriz SN, Alessandra T, Hayakawa IS, et al. Vancomycin susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus spp. Isolates from domestic and wild animals. Ciência Rural. 2020; 50(7): 1-8.
Sharaf El-Din MK, Ibrahim F, Kamal El-Deen A, Kuniyoshi S. Stability-Indicating Spectrofluorimetric Method with Enhanced Sensitivity for Determination of Vancomycin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceuticals and Spiked Human Plasma: Application to Degradation Kinetics. J Food Drug Anal. 2020; 26(2): 834-41.
Elaheh R, Maryam K, Mohammad BH, Abolghasem J. Copper nanocluster-based sensor for determination of vancomycin in exhaled breath condensate: A synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2021; 196: 1-6.
Patrícia AN, Ana CK, Hérida RNS, Hérida RNS. A new and ecological miniaturized method by spectrophotometry for quantification of vancomycin in dosage form. Drug Anal Res. 2021; 5(1): 39-45.
Danuch P, Sirikarn P, Nawinda C, Terachart C. Validation of UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method for Stability Evaluation of 5% Extemporaneous Vancomycin Eye Drops in Various Vehicles. Key Eng Mater. 2020; 859: 277-82.
Pande S, Parikh J. Development and Validation of UV- Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Vancomycin Hydrochloride. JDDT2019; 9(3-s):116-18.
Thejomoorthy K, Padma S, Raghu B, Karedla. SS. UV spectroscopic method development and validation for the quantification of vancomycin in bulk and its formulation. JGTPS. 2018; 9(4): 5978–82.
Patrícia AN, Ana Carolina K, Hérida RNS. A New and Ecological Method to Quantify Vancomycin in Pharmaceutical Product by Infrared Spectrometry. Acta Chim Slov. 2021; 68: 313–19
Adrian B, Bogdan F, Alexandra P, Ana-Maria D, Cecilia C. Graphene–Gold Nanostructures Hybrid Composites Screen-Printed Electrode for the Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Vancomycin. Coatings. 2019; 9: 652.
Mouyed QA, Hind H, Fadi JY. Flow Injection- Spectrophotometric Determination of Vancomycin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using Diazotized Metoclopramide. ANJS. 2015; 18(1): 9-19.
Sadeem S, Omar TH. Batch and flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of vancomycin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations using diazotized procaine penicillin. Anal Chem Indian J. 2016; 16(7): 295-04.
Sadeem SA, Omar TH. Spectrophotometric Determination of Vancomycin Hydrochloride (Batch and Flow-Injection) Using O-Nitroaniline as diazotized Chromogenic Reagent. Iraqi J Sci. 2015; 56(4B): 3025-35.
Ream I, Hind H. Determination of Vancomycin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Forms and Urine Samples Using Modified Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Arab J Sci Eng. 2020; 45(6): 4751-63.
Guiyan Y, Danni L, Fanlong B, Yanyan W, Benjie W, Ruichen G. LC-MS for Simultaneous Determination of Vancomycin and Teicoplanin in Patient Plasma and its Application to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Curr. Pharma Anal. 2019; 15(1): 95-02.
Mohauman MMA. Validated stability Spectrophotometric process for estimation vancomycin antibiotic degradation behavior in pharmaceutical kinds. J Clin Med Kaz. 2020; 4(58): 33-40.
Akram ME, Alaa SA, Ahmed KG, Ayman MT. Indirect spectrophotometric determination of gentamicin and vancomycin antibiotics based on their oxidation by potassium permanganate. Cent Eur J Chem. 2006; 4(4): 708–22.
Mao H, Christina S, David PN. Development of HPLC Methods for the Determination of Vancomycin in Human Plasma, Mouse Serum and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid. J Chromatogr Sci. 2013; 51(3): 201–7.
Abu Tariq, Masoom RS, Jitendra K, Dinesh R, Prithvi SN, Manu C, et al. Development and validation of high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of ceftriaxone and vancomycin in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. Sci Asia. 2010; 36: 297–04.
Joshi MD, O'Donnell JN, Venkatesan N, Chang J, Nguyen H, Rhodes NJ, et al. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Rich Pharmacokinetic Sampling Schemes in Translational Rat Toxicity Models with Vancomycin. Clin Transl Sci. 2017; 10(6): 496-02.
Mohammed SA, Omar ASA, Theia’a NA. Spectrophotometric Determination of Dapsone Using Charge Transfer Complex Formation Reaction. Egypt J Chem. 2020; 63(8): 3167-77.
Al-Obaidi M, Al-Sabha TN, Al-Ghabsha TS. Spectrophotometric determination of nitrazepam and dapsone using vanillin reagent in pharmaceutical preparations. J Edu. Sci . 2014; 27 (1): 43-7.
Luma TD. Spectrophotometric Determination of Dapsone Using Phloroglucinol Azo Coupling Reagent. Raf J Sci. 2018; 19(3): 24-37.
Mouayed QA, Mohammed KH. Differential pulse polarographic determination of dapsone in pharmaceutical preparations. J Edu Sci. 1994; 19: 5.
Gandhi SV, Rathi MS. Development and validation of stability indicating HPLC method for estimation of dapsone. Int J Pharma Res Health Sci. 2018; 6 (2): 2517-21.
Letícia MC, Gaya MF, Janaina de MB, Thais CBP, Lisiane B, Eduardo AB, et al. Validation of analytical method by HPLC for determination of dapsone in polymeric nanocapsules based on crude rice brain oil. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2017; 7(07): 230-33.
Gouda AA, Summan AM, Amin AH. Development of cloud-point extraction method for preconcentration of trace quantities of cobalt and nickel in water and food samples. RSC Advances. 2016; 6(96): 94048–57.
Wahdan K, Alnedawi Z, Hassan AM, Hind H, Ahmed S. Cloud Point Pre-concentration with Spectrophotometric Detection for Determination of Oxymetazoline in Pharmaceutical Formulations. Chem Sci J. 2021; 12(3): 226-31.
Sadeem SA. Cloud-Point Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination of Nifedipine in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Sys Rev Pharm. 2020; 11(7): 125-30.
Wasan AA, Hind H. Cloud point extraction method for the sensitive determination of metoclopramide hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2020; 11(3): 3972-80.
Saadiyah AD, Noor JM. Cloud point extraction of Cefixime drug by direct (UV- Vis) spectrophotometer and indirect (Flame Atomic Absorption) technique. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019; 1234(012093): 1-17.
Nisreen K, Mohammed JMH, Muneer AA. Determination of Cefixime Using Batch, Cloud Point Extraction and Flow Injection as New Spectrophotometric Methods. Mustansiriyah J Sci. 2019; 30(3): 28-36.
Hind HA. Cloud-point extraction and spectrophotometric determination of clonazepam in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Bull Chem Soc Ethiop. 2017; 31(3): 373-82.
Nisreen JA, Saadiyah AD, Hameed HA. Determination of Sulfacetamide Sodium in Pure and Their Pharmaceutical Formulations by Using Cloud Point Extraction Method. Baghdad Sci J. 2021; 18(3): 575-82.
Zuhair AAK, Noora SM. Development of an Eco-Friendly Method for Iron Extraction and Determination in Pharmaceuticals Using Ciprofloxacin Drug as Chelating agent. Baghdad Sci J. 2016; 13(2.2NCC): 0414.
Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Crouch SR. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 7th Ed. USA: Cengage Learning; 2016: 348.
Miller JN, Miller JC. Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry. 6th Ed. England: Pearson Education Limited; 2010: 43-7.