Determination of Quercetin in Iraqi Green Walnut Husk via Green Ionic Liquid-Based Digestion Extraction and Gel Filtration Procedures-Spectrophotometry and Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Platform Detection
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9227Keywords:
Antioxidant, Green extraction, Green walnut husk, Ionic liquids, Microfluidic paper-based analytical device, QuercetinAbstract
This study was conducted to extract, isolate and quantify Quercetin from Iraqi green walnut husk (GWH) using a novel ionic liquid-based digestion extraction and gel filtration procedure coupled with visible spectrophotometry detection and compared with a novel microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPADs) aiming for an economic, and green method. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) aqueous solution was used as a green solvent alternative to conventional organic solvents due to their impressive solvation properties. The results showed that 100 mg of plant husk required 15 mL of BMIMCl solvent, and 30 minutes of digestion at 75° C, which involves a simpler, and greener extraction method compared with other extraction methods. Under optimal conditions, Quercetin was isolated using a gel filtration technique, and further investigations were conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier-transmitted infrared to confirm the isolation of Quercetin. Aluminum chloride assay was selected to determine the concentration of Quercetin giving a linearity of 10-100 mg L-1 and correlation coefficient of 0.9369 and 0.7917 for spectrophotometric and µPADs methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity of isolated Quercetin showed good antioxidant activity and the ANOVA test was used to compare µPADs method with the spectrophotometric method and the results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two methods. In conclusion, BMIMCl solvent provides an excellent safe and suitable solvent for the extraction of phytochemicals from botanical drugs. In addition, the µPADs platform has been approved for its superiority against traditional methods for analytical purposes due to its green characteristic.
Received 10/06/2023
Revised 25/07/2023
Accepted 27/07/2023
Published Online First 20/02/2024
References
Roy A, Khan A, Ahmad I, Alghamdi S, Rajab BS, Babalghith AO, et al. Flavonoids a bioactive compound from medicinal plants and its therapeutic applications. Biomed Res Int. 2022; 9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5445291
Kamiński P, Tyśkiewicz K, Fekner Z, Gruba M, Kobus Z. The Influence of Subcritical Water Extraction Parameters on the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Bark Extracts. Appl Sci. 2022; 12(23): 12490. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312490
Sirotkin AV , Fabova W, Aldahmash W, Alshamrani A, and Harrath AH. Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and its Constituent Quercetin Can Suppress Ovarian Cell Functions and Their Response to FSH. Physiol Res. 2023; 72(2): 269. https://doi.org/10.33549/Fphysiolres.935060
Meshram RJ, Bagul KT, Pawnikar SP, Barage SH, Kolte BS, Gacche RN. Known compounds and new lessons: structural and electronic basis of flavonoid-based bioactivities. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020; 38(4): 1168–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2019.1597770.
Soto-Maldonado C, Vergara-Castro M, Jara-Quezada J, Caballero-Valdés E, Müller-Pavez A, Zúñiga-Hansen ME, et al. Polyphenolic extracts of walnut (Juglans regia) green husk containing juglone inhibit the growth of HL-60 cells and induce apoptosis. Electron J Biotechnol. 2019;39:1–7 .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2019.02.001
Tavana E, Mollazadeh H, Mohtashami E, Modaresi SMS, Hosseini A, Sabri H, et al. Quercetin: a promising phytochemical for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. BioFactors. 2020;46(3):356–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1605
Kumari P, Khatkar BS, Duhan A. Aonla phytochemicals: extraction, identification and quantification. J Food Sci Technol. 2019; 56:2278–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03716-7
Forsyth M, Porcarelli L, Wang X, Goujon N, Mecerreyes D. Innovative electrolytes based on ionic liquids and polymers for next-generation solid-state batteries. Acc Chem Res. 2019;52(3):686–94. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00566
Kagawad P, Gharge S, Jivaje K, Hiremath SI, Suryawanshi SS. Quality control and standardization of Quercetin in herbal medicines by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2021; 7(1): 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00327-y
Heidari-Bafroui H, Kumar A, Hahn C, Scholz N, Charbaji A, Rahmani N, et al. Development of a New Lab-on-Paper Microfluidics Platform Using Bi-Material Cantilever Actuators for ELISA on Paper. Biosensors. 2023; 13(3): 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030310
Das S, Bhatia R. Paper-based microfluidic devices: Fabrication, detection, and significant applications in various fields. Rev Anal Chem. 2022; 41(1): 112–36. https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2022-0037.
Abdulsattar JO, Hadi H, Richardson S, Iles A, Pamme N. Detection of doxycycline hyclate and oxymetazoline hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations via spectrophotometry and microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPADs). Anal Chim Acta. 2020; 1136: 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.045
Patle TK, Shrivas K, Kurrey R, Upadhyay S, Jangde R, Chauhan R. Phytochemical screening and determination of phenolics and flavonoids in Dillenia pentagyna using UV–vis and FTIR spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2020; 242: 118717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.118717.
Vieira V, Prieto MA, Barros L, Coutinho JAP, Ferreira O, Ferreira ICFR. Optimization and comparison of maceration and microwave extraction systems for the production of phenolic compounds from Juglans regia L. for the valorization of walnut leaves. Ind Crops Prod. 2017; 107: 341–52. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.06.012
Wei M, Zhao R, Peng X, Feng C, Gu H, Yang L. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of taxifolin, diosmin, and quercetin from abies nephrolepis (trautv.) maxim: kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics. Molecules. 2020; 25(6): 1401. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061401
Lee SY, Lee SJ, Yim DG, Hur SJ. Changes in the content and bioavailability of onion quercetin and grape resveratrol during in vitro human digestion. Foods. 2020; 9(6): 694. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9060694
Nie J, Chen D, Ye J, Lu Y, Dai Z. Optimization and kinetic modeling of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of fucoxanthin from edible brown algae Sargassum fusiforme using green solvents. Ultrason Sonochem. 2021; 77: 105671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105671
Jahanban-Esfahlan A, Ostadrahimi A, Tabibiazar M, Amarowicz R. A comparative review on the extraction, antioxidant content and antioxidant potential of different parts of walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit and tree. Molecules. 2019; 24(11): 2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112133
Al-Harbi SA, Almulaiky YQ. Purification and biochemical characterization of Arabian balsam α-amylase and enhancing the retention and reusability via encapsulation onto calcium alginate/Fe2O3 nanocomposite beads. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020; 160: 944–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.176
Victor MM, David JM, Cortez MVM, Leite JL, da Silva GSB. A high-yield process for extraction of hesperidin from orange (citrus sinensis L. osbeck) peels waste, and its transformation to diosmetin, A valuable and bioactive flavonoid. Waste Biomass Valorization. 2021; 12: 313–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-00982-x
Abdelbaky AS, Abd El-Mageed TA, Babalghith AO, Selim S, Mohamed AMHA. Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) Aqueous Leaf Extract and Their Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activities. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(8): 1444. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081444.
Mohamed HR, El-Wakil EA, Abdel-Hameed E-SS, El-Hashash MM, Shemis M. Evaluation of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) swingle leaves. J Reports Pharm Sci. 2021; 10(1): 130 .https://doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_7_21
Abdulkareem EA, Abdulsattar J, Abdulsattar B. Iron (II) determination in lipstick samples using spectrophotometric and microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPADs) platform via complexation reaction with iron chelator 1, 10-phenanthroline: A comparative study. Baghdad Sci J. 2022; 19(2): 355–67. https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.19.2.0355
Abdulkareem EA, Abdulsattar JO. Determination of Nickel and Cobalt in Cosmetic Products Marketed in Iraq Using Spectrophotometric and Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Device (µPADs) Platform. Baghdad Sci J. 2022; 19(6): 1286. https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.6539
de Christo Scherer MM, Marques FM, Figueira MM, Peisino MCO, Schmitt EFP, Kondratyuk TP, et al. Wound healing activity of terpinolene and α-phellandrene by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress in vitro. J Tissue Viability. 2019; 28(2): 94–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2019.02.003
Qasim U, Rafiq S, Jamil F, Ahmed A, Ali T, Kers J, et al. Processing of lignocellulose in ionic liquids: A cleaner and sustainable approach. J Clean Prod. 2021; 323: 129189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.12918927
Sharifi N, Mahernia S, Amanlou M. Comparison of different methods in quercetin extraction from leaves of Raphanus sativus L. Pharm Sci. 2016; 23(1): 59–65. https://doi.org/10.15171/PS.2017.09
Murugesan S, Maran P, Venkatesan M. Alexander R A . Microwave assisted extraction of polyphenols from Pithecellobium dulce benth fruit peels and evaluation of its anticancer and antioxidant activity. Waste Biomass Valor 2023. .https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-023-02183-8
Siddiqui NA, Alam P, Alrehaily AJ, Alqahtani AS, Akhtar A, Alhowiriny TA, et al. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted parthenolide extraction from Tarchonanthus camphoratus leaves using response surface methodology: HPTLC and cytotoxicity analysis. Arab J Chem. 2021;14(6):103194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103194
Ma X, Jing J, Wang J, Xu J, Hu Z. Extraction of Low Methoxyl Pectin from Fresh Sunflower Heads by Subcritical Water Extraction. ACS Omega. 2020; 5(25): 15095–104. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00928
Dranca F, Oroian M. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of pectin from Malus domestica ‘Fălticeni’apple pomace. Processes. 2019;7(8):488. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7080488
Song H, Cong Z, Wang C, He M, Liu C, Gao P. Research progress on Walnut oil: Bioactive compounds, health benefits, extraction methods, and medicinal uses. J Food Biochem. 2022; 46(12): e14504. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.14504
Catauro M, Papale F, Bollino F, Piccolella S, Marciano S, Nocera P, et al. Silica/quercetin sol-gel hybrids as antioxidant dental implant materials. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2015; 16(3): 53001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/035001.
Garg P. HPLC Estimation of Flavanoid (quercetin) of leaves and stem extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Tinospora cordifolia. J Phytopharm. 2021; 10(4): 220–4. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2021.10401
Queiroz EF, Alfattani A, Afzan A, Marcourt L, Guillarme D, Wolfender J-L. Utility of dry load injection for an efficient natural products isolation at the semi-preparative chromatographic scale. J Chromatogr A. 2019; 1598: 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.042
Nurcahyo H, Sumiwi SA, Halimah E, Wilar G. Total Flavonoid Levels of Ethanol Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction Dry Shallots (Allium cepa L. var. Garden Onion of Brebes) with Maceration Methods Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Syst Rev Pharm. 2020; 11(10): 286–9.
Bredai R, Belhaj Ben Romdhane I, Bouchaala I, Srih Belghith K, Belghith H. Purification of Bacillus licheniformis Lipase and its Application as an Additive in Detergent for Destaining. J Surfactants Deterg. 2021; 24(5): 835–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsde.12514
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Baghdad Science Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
