Determination Uranium and its Isotopes in Biological Samples of Smokers

Authors

  • Abdulhussein A. Alkufi Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
  • Mohanad H. Oleiwi Education Directorate of Najaf, Ministry of Education, Al-Najaf, Iraq
  • Ali Abid Abojassim Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Al-Najaf, Iraq
  • Noor Ulhuda G. Mohammed Department of Chemistry, College of science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3549-1578
  • Ali Saeed Jassim Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Al-Najaf, Iraq
  • Michele Guida Department of Information and Electric Engineering and Applied Mathematics, Amb.ra. Lab-Laboratory of Ambients and Radiation, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, ITALY.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.10909

Keywords:

Biological samples, CR-39, Smoking, Uranium, and Uranium isotopes

Abstract

This study was conducted in the Najaf Governorate- Iraq, to analyze biological samples from smokers and non-smokers. The samples, including blood serum, urine, hair, and nails, were used as biomarkers to determine uranium concentrations (UC) and isotopes (238U, 235U, and 234U). Using a natural exposure method, the nuclear track detector (CR-39, UK) was utilized to measure these Uc in the samples. Seventy-five samples of blood serum, urine, hair, and nails were collected for smokers of healthy people and fifty samples for non-smokers of healthy people in five age groups. This study was based on age and smoking to compare the results and determine their effects on the Uc. The results show that the average values of Uc in blood serum, urine, hair, and nails for smokers were 0.180±0.042 ppb, 0.759±0.024 ppb, 0.912±0.085 ppm, and 0.934±0.091 ppm, respectively. While, the average values of Uc in blood serum, urine, hair, and nails for non-smokers were 0.110±0.014 ppb, 0.157±0.023 ppb, 0.736±0.032 ppm, and 0.756±0.024 ppm, respectively. The results and comparisons indicate that all Uc depend on the variables on which this study was based (age and smoking). By comparing the Uc for all biological samples for smokers and non-smokers, the value of P-value was highly significant statistically which was <0.001. According to the results of the study samples, the mean values of UC, 238U, 235U, and 234U for biological samples in smokers were higher than in non-smokers. Thus, it may be said that cigarette smoking is used as a biomarker of the presence of Uc.

Received 11/02/2024

Revised 30/04/2024

Accepted 02/05/2024

Published Online First 20/06/2024

References

Abbas SK, Saleh DS, Hussain HS. Measurement of uranium concentrations in urine samples of adult healthy groups in Najaf governorate with estimation of urine concentrations of 8-OHdG compound as biomarker for DNA damage. J Phys Conf Ser. 2021; 1879: 032097. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1879/3/032097 .

kaddoori FF, Hameed BS, Fzaa WT. Concentrations and Radiation Hazard Indices of Naturally Radioactive Materials for Flour Samples in Baghdad Markets. Baghdad Sci J. 2021; 18: 649. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.3.0649 .

Al-Hamadany WS, Saleh DS, Shanshal MA. Radiation Pollution in Cancer and other Diseases Using some Immunological and Clinical Parameters. Iraqi J Vet Med. 2012; 36: 33–40. https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i0E.378 .

Obaed HK, Aswood MS. Estimated of U, Rn and Po Concentrations in Smokers Blood Samples Collected from Babylon, Iraq. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2020; 928: 072043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/928/7/072043 .

Mohammed NUG, Khaleel FM, Gorial FI. The Role of Serum Chitinase-3-Like 1 Protein (YKL-40) Level and its Correlation with Proinflammatory Cytokine in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Baghdad Sci J. 2022; 19: 1014. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.6293 .

Aswood MS, Abojassim AA, Al Musawi MSA. Natural radioactivity measurements of frozen red meat samples consumed in Iraq. Radiat Detect Technol Methods 2019; 3: 57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-019-0136-9 .

Al-Hamzawi AA, Jaafar MS, Tawfiq NF. The Measurements of Uranium Concentration in Human Blood in Selected Regions in Iraq Using CR-39 Track Detector. Adv Mater Res. 2014; 925: 679–683. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.925.679 .

Zarkadas C, Karydas A., Paradellis T. Determination of uranium in human urine by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. Spectrochim Acta Part B At Spectrosc. 2001; 56: 2505–2511. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00348-2 .

Organization WH. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization, 2002.

Banks D, Røyset O, Strand T, Skarphagen H. Radioelement (U, Th, Rn) concentrations in Norwegian bedrock groundwaters. Environ Geol. 1995; 25: 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00768546 .

Humans IWG on the E of CR to, Organization WH, Cancer IA for R on. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. Iarc, 2004; 83:1-1438.

Godwin WS, Subha VR, Feroz KM. 210Po radiation dose due to cigarette smoking. Curr Sci. 2010; 681–686.

Israelsson A, Pettersson H. Measurements of 234U and 238U in Hair, Urine, and Drinking Water Among Drilled Bedrock Well Water Users for the Evaluation of Hair as a Biomonitor of Uranium Intake. Health Phys. 2014; 107: 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0000000000000075 .

Kadhim HA, Al-Alawy IT, Mkhaiber AF. Radon, Radium, and Uranium Concentrations in the Blood of Cigarette-Smoking Women and Lung Cancer Risk. Iraqi J Sci. 2023; 3935–3947. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2023.64.8.20 .

Aoda EY, AL-Sadi MAKH, Hassan HA. Assessment Of Uranium Concentrations In Urine Samples For Healthy Group And Cancer Patients. NeuroQuantology. 2022; 20: 1350–1357. https://doi.org/10.14704/NQ.2022.20.15.NQ88123 .

Al-Arifi MN, Alkarfy KM, Al-Suwayeh SA, Aleissa KA, Shabana EI, Al-Dhuwaili A A, et al. Levels of 210Po in blood, urine and hair of some Saudi smokers. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2006; 269: 115–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-006-0239-x .

Žunic ZS, Benedik L, Kritsananuwat R, Veselinovic N, Tokonami S, Arae H, et al. Measurement of uranium in urine, hair and nails in subjects of Niska Banja town, a high natural background radiation area of Serbia. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2019; 184: 319–323. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz120 .

Nakhaee S, Amirabadizadeh A, Ataei M, et al. Comparison of serum concentrations of essential and toxic elements between cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021; 28: 37672–37678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13290-1.

Salih NF, Jafri ZM, Aswood MS. Measurement of radon concentration in blood and urine samples collected from female cancer patients using RAD7. J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2016; 9: 332–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2016.02.002 .

Abbas SK, Saleh DS, Hussain HS. Investigation of uranium pollution for healthy adult’s blood for some area in Najaf Governorate using CR-39 SSNTD technique. AIP Conf Proc. 2022; 2386, 080048. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0067755 .

Dosh RJ, Hasan AK, Abojassim A. Radon gas in indoor air of primary schools of Al-Najaf city, Iraq. J Turkish Chem Soc Sect A Chem. 2023; 10: 1045–1054. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1193534 .

Qaddoori SM, Shafik SS. CR-39 As A Tool For Uranium Concentration Calculation In Bio Assay Sample: Bladder Cancer As Case Study. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2018; 9: 228–239.

Rejah BK, Aljanabi AT, Fzaa WT, et al. Calculation of Concentrations and Transfer Factors of Uranium from Soil to Plants Using Nuclear Track Detector CR-39. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019; 1178: 12012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1178/1/012012

Shafik SS, Ahmed BA, Mohammed M. Determination Uranium Concentrations and Effective Dose of Drinking Water for Nineveh Governorate—Iraq, Using Kinetic Phosphorescence Analyzer (KPA). J Environ Prot. (Irvine, Calif) 2014; 05: 200–206. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2014.53024 .

Keith LS, Faroon OM, Fowler BA. Uranium. In: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. Elsevier, 2015, pp. 1307–1345.

Abd El-Aziz N, Khater AEM, Al-Sewaidan HA. Natural radioactivity contents in tobacco. Int Congr Ser. 2005; 1276: 407–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.11.166 .

Valentin J. Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: reference values: ICRP Publication 89. Ann ICRP. 2002; Sep 1; 32(3-4): 1-277.

Aziz AA, Majed FM, Tawfiq NF. Determination of Uranium Concentration in Blood Samples for Patients with Kidney Failure in Salah din Governorate. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2021; 877: 012010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/877/1/012010 .

Cousins C, Miller DL, Bernardi G, Rehani MM, Schofield P, Vañó E, et al. International commission on radiological protection. ICRP Publ. 2011; 120: 1–125.

Ting BG, Paschal DC, Jarrett JM, Pirkle JL, Jackson RJ, Sampson EJ, et al. Uranium and Thorium in Urine of United States Residents: Reference Range Concentrations. Environ Res. 1999; 81: 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1998.3951 .

Schramel P, Wendler I, Roth P, Werner E. Method for the determination of thorium and uranium in urine by ICP-MS. Mikrochim Acta. 1997; 126: 263–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01242331 .

Dang HS, Pullat VR, Pillai KC. Determining the Normal Concentration of Uranium in Urine and Application of the Data to Its Biokinetics. Health Phys. 1992; 62: 562–566. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199206000-00010 .

Al-Jundi J, Werner E, Roth P, Höllriegl V, Wendler I, Schramel P. Thorium and uranium contents in human urine: influence of age and residential area. J Environ Radioact. 2004; 71: 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(03)00141-3 .

Karpas Z, Paz-Tal O, Lorber A, Salonen L, Komulainen H, Auvinen A, et al. Urine, hair, and nails as indicators for ingestion of uranium in drinking water. Health Phys 2005; 88: 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HP.0000149883.69107.ab .

Zunic ZS, Tokonami S, Mishra S, Arae H, Kritsananuwat R, Sahoo SK. Distribution of uranium and some selected trace metals in human scalp hair from Balkans. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2012; 152: 220–223. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncs225 .

Bormann de Souza VL, de Paiva AC, Braga Poggi CM. Elements in hair of an exposed group. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009; 279: 679–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-007-7321-5 .

Goullé JP, Mahieu L, Castermant J, Neveu N, Bonneau L, Lainé G, et al. Metal and metalloid multi-elementary ICP-MS validation in whole blood, plasma, urine and hair. Reference values. Forensic Sci Int. 2005; 153: 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.04.020 .

Rodushkin I, Axelsson MD. Application of double focusing sector field ICP-MS for multielemental characterization of human hair and nails. Part II. A study of the inhabitants of northern Sweden. Sci Total Environ. 2000; 262: 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00531-3.

Sahoo SK, Žunić ZS, Kritsananuwat R, Zagrodzki P, Bossew P, Veselinovic N, et al. Distribution of uranium, thorium and some stable trace and toxic elements in human hair and nails in Niška Banja Town, a high natural background radiation area of Serbia (Balkan Region, South-East Europe). J Environ Radioact. 2015; 145: 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.03.020 .

Al-Hamzawi AA, Aswood MS, Saleh NF. In vitro detection of urinary uranium of healthy subjects in Babylon governorate, Iraq. J Phys Conf Ser. 2020; 1591:12011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1591/1/012011

The International Commission on Radiological Protection. Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: Part 4 Inhalation dose coefficients. Ann ICRP. 1995; 25(3-4): 1-405.

Downloads

Issue

2024: Online-First (1)

Section

article

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulhussein A. Alkufi, Mohanad H. Oleiwi, Ali Abid Abojassim, Noor Ulhuda G. Mohammed, Ali Saeed Jassim , Michele Guida

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

1.
Determination Uranium and its Isotopes in Biological Samples of Smokers. Baghdad Sci.J [Internet]. [cited 2024 Dec. 22];22(1). Available from: https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/view/10909
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC